View source for Steve Jobs

{{Short description|American businessman and inventor (1955–2011)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Steve Jobs
| image              = Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP (cropped 2).jpg
| image_caption      = Jobs introducing the [[iPhone 4]], 2010
| birth_name         = Steven Paul Jobs<ref>{{harvnb|Isaacson|2011|p=4}}: "Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs."</ref>
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1955|2|24}}
| birth_place        = <!-- Do not link this. [[MOS:OVERLINK]] -->San Francisco, California, U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2011|10|05|1955|02|24}}
| death_place        = [[Palo Alto, California]], U.S.
| restingplace       = [[Alta Mesa Memorial Park]]
| education          = [[Reed College]] (no degree)
| title              = {{indented plainlist|
* Co-founder, [[chairman]], and [[CEO]] of [[Apple Inc.]]
* Primary investor and chairman of [[Pixar]]
* Founder, chairman, and CEO of [[NeXT]]}}
| known_for          = {{indented plainlist|
* Pioneer of the [[personal computer revolution]] with [[Steve Wozniak]]
* Co-creator of the [[Apple II]], [[Macintosh]], [[iPod]], [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], and first [[Apple Store]]s}}
| boards             = {{flatlist|
* [[The Walt Disney Company]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html |title=The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies—Board of Directors |date=October 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014095744/http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |access-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref>
* Apple Inc.}}
| children           = 4, including [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs|Lisa]], [[Reed Jobs|Reed]], and [[Eve Jobs|Eve]]
| relatives          = {{plainlist|
* [[Mona Simpson]] (sister)
* [[Bassma Al Jandaly]] (cousin)
* [[Malek Jandali]] (cousin)}}
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Laurene Powell Jobs|Laurene Powell]]|March 18, 1991}}
| partner            = [[Chrisann Brennan]] (1972–1977)
| awards             = [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] ([[Posthumous award|posthumous]], 2022)
| years_active       = 1971–2011
| signature          = Steve Jobs signature.svg
}}
'''Steven Paul Jobs''' (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor,<!-- See ref name "MIT" for citation on his hundreds of inventions / co-inventions. --> and investor best known for co-founding the technology company [[Apple Inc.]] Jobs was also the founder of [[NeXT]] and chairman and majority shareholder of [[Pixar]]. He was a pioneer of the [[personal computer revolution]] of the 1970s and 1980s, along with his early business partner and fellow Apple co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]].

Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterwards. He attended [[Reed College]] in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India, [[Hippie trail|seeking enlightenment]] before later studying [[Buddhism in the West#Emerging mainstream western Buddhism|Zen Buddhism]]. He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's [[Apple I]] personal computer. Together, the duo gained fame and wealth a year later with production and sale of the [[Apple II]], one of the first highly successful mass-produced [[microcomputer]]s. 

Jobs saw the commercial potential of the [[Xerox Alto]] in 1979, which was [[computer mouse|mouse]]-driven and had a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI). This led to the development of the largely unsuccessful [[Apple Lisa]] in 1983, followed by [[Macintosh 128K|the breakthrough Macintosh]] in 1984, the first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the [[desktop publishing]] industry in 1985 (for example, the [[Aldus Pagemaker]]) with the addition of the Apple [[LaserWriter]], the first [[laser printer]] to feature [[vector graphics]] and [[PostScript]].

In 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO, [[John Sculley]]. That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a [[computer platform]] development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he bought the computer graphics division of [[Lucasfilm]], which was spun off independently as [[Pixar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paik |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios |date=2015-11-03 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-1-4521-4765-9 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref> Pixar produced the first [[computer-animated]] feature film, ''[[Toy Story]]'' (1995), and became a leading [[animation studio]], producing [[List of Pixar films|dozens]] of commercially successful and critically acclaimed films.

In 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after the company's acquisition of NeXT. He was largely responsible for reviving Apple, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with British designer [[Jony Ive]] to develop a line of products and services that had larger cultural ramifications, beginning with the "[[Think different]]" advertising campaign, and leading to the [[iMac]], [[iTunes]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Apple Store]], [[iPod]], [[iTunes Store]], [[iPhone]], [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], and [[iPad]]. Jobs was also a board member at [[Gap Inc.]] from 1999 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-10-05/article/15120 |title=Steve Jobs resigns from Gap's board |last=Liedtke, Michael |date=October 5, 2002 |work=The Berkeley Daily Planet |access-date=December 23, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114034440/http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-10-05/article/15120 |archive-date=November 14, 2012 }}</ref> In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a [[pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]]. He died of tumor-related [[respiratory arrest]] in 2011; in 2022, he was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. Since his death, he has won 141 patents; Jobs holds over 450 patents in total.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/11/27/170289/steve-jobs-lives-on-at-the-patent-office/ |title=Steve Jobs Still Wins Plenty of Patents – MIT Technology Review |website=MIT Technology Review |access-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120034224/https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/11/27/170289/steve-jobs-lives-on-at-the-patent-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
===Family===
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, on February 24, 1955, to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali ({{Langx|ar|عبد الفتاح الجندلي}}). Abdulfattah Jandali was born in a Muslim household to wealthy Syrian parents, the youngest of nine siblings. After obtaining his undergraduate degree at the [[American University of Beirut]], Jandali pursued a PhD in [[political science]] at the [[University of Wisconsin]]. There, he met Joanne Schieble, an American Catholic of [[Swiss people#Ethno-linguistic composition|Swiss-German descent]] whose parents owned a [[mink farm]] and real estate in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]]. The two fell in love but faced opposition from Schieble's father due to Jandali's Muslim faith. When Schieble became pregnant, she arranged for a [[closed adoption]], and travelled to San Francisco to give birth.{{Sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=1-4}}

Schieble requested that her son be adopted by college graduates. A lawyer and his wife were selected, but they withdrew after discovering that the baby was a boy, so Jobs was instead adopted by Paul Reinhold Jobs and his wife Clara. Paul Jobs, an American of German descent, was the son of a dairy farmer from [[Washington County, Wisconsin]]. After dropping out of high school, Paul Jobs worked as a mechanic, then joined the [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]]. After he was discharged at San Francisco, Paul married Clara Hagopian of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent in February 1946 and they moved to Wisconsin, then Indiana, where Paul worked as a [[machinist]] and later as a car salesman. Since Clara missed San Francisco, she convinced Paul to move back. There, Paul worked as a [[repossession]] agent, and Clara became a [[Bookkeeping|bookkeeper]]. In 1955, after having an [[ectopic pregnancy]], the couple looked to adopt a child.{{Sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=1-4}} Since they lacked a college education, Schieble initially refused to sign the adoption papers, and went to court to request that her son be removed from the Jobs household and placed with a different family, but changed her mind after Paul and Clara promised to pay for their son's college tuition.{{Sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=1-4}}{{Sfn|Brennan|2013|p=15}}

===Infancy===
In his youth, Jobs's parents took him to a [[Lutheran]] church.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8U2oAAAAQBAJ&dq=steve+jobs+%22lutheran%22&pg=PA14 14]}} When Steve was in high school, Clara admitted to Steve's girlfriend, [[Chrisann Brennan]], that she "was too frightened to love [Steve] for the first six months of his life ... I was scared they were going to take him away from me. Even after we won the case, Steve was so difficult a child that by the time he was two I felt we had made a mistake. I wanted to return him." When Chrisann shared this comment with Steve, he stated that he was already aware,{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=}} and later said that he had been deeply loved and indulged by Paul and Clara. Jobs would "bristle" when Paul and Clara were referred to as his "adoptive parents", and he regarded them as his parents "1,000%". Jobs referred to his biological parents as "my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |title='Steve Jobs' biography: A wealth of detail |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/steve-jobs-biography-a-wealth-of-detail/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819014546/https://www.cnet.com/news/steve-jobs-biography-a-wealth-of-detail/ |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |access-date=August 19, 2019 |website=CNET|date=October 23, 2011 }}</ref>

===Childhood===
{{quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = I always thought of myself as a humanities person as a kid, but I liked electronics... then I read something that one of my heroes, [[Edwin H. Land|Edwin Land]] of [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], said about the importance of people who could stand at the intersection of humanities and sciences, and I decided that's what I wanted to do.
| source = {{mdash}}Steve Jobs{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=16}}
}}

Paul Jobs worked in several jobs that included a try as a machinist,<ref>{{cite book|title=Steve Jobs: Thinks Different|page=8|isbn=978-0761-31393-9|first=Ann|last=Brashares|year=2001|publisher=Lerner Publishing|quote="worked as a machinist"}}</ref> several other jobs,<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0-385-48684-7|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/malone-loop.html|title=Infinite Loop: How the World's Most Insanely Great Computer Company Went Insane|first=Michael S.|last=Malone|year=1999|publisher=Currency/Doubleday|access-date=May 22, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807182330/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/malone-loop.html|url-status=live|quote="struggling as a machinist and then a used-car salesman .. finance company ..  earned his realtor's license. [but] downward spiral"}}</ref> and then "back to work as a machinist". Paul and Clara adopted Jobs's sister Patricia in 1957,{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=5}} and by 1959 the family had moved to the [[Monta Loma, Mountain View|Monta Loma]] neighborhood in [[Mountain View, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2011/10/07/steve-jobs-called-mountain-view-home-as-a-child|title=Steve Jobs called Mountain View home as a child|last=DeBolt|first=Daniel|date=October 7, 2011|website=Mountain View Voice|access-date=January 22, 2020|quote=Hatt remembers Jobs attending Monta Loma elementary school and according to county property records, the Jobs family owned a house at 286 Diablo Avenue from 1959 to 1967.|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204124324/https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2011/10/07/steve-jobs-called-mountain-view-home-as-a-child|url-status=live}}</ref> Paul built a workbench in his garage for his son in order to "pass along his love of mechanics". Jobs, meanwhile, admired his father's craftsmanship "because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him ... I wasn't that into fixing cars ... but I was eager to hang out with my dad."{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=5–6}}

[[File:Apple Garage.jpg|thumb|The childhood family home of Steve Jobs on Crist Drive in [[Los Altos, California]], is the original site of [[Apple Computer]]. The home was added to a list of historic Los Altos sites in 2013.<ref name="hissite">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_24410143/steve-jobs-childhood-home-becomes-a |title=Steve Jobs' childhood home becomes a landmark |website=mercurynews.com |date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626144138/http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_24410143/steve-jobs-childhood-home-becomes-a |url-status=live }}</ref>|alt=Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California]]

Jobs had difficulty functioning in a traditional classroom, tended to resist authority figures, frequently misbehaved, and was suspended a few times. He frequently played pranks on others at Monta Loma Elementary School in Mountain View. His father Paul (who was abused as a child) never reprimanded him, however, and instead blamed the school for not challenging his brilliant son.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=12–13}} Jobs skipped the 5th grade and transferred to the 6th grade at Crittenden Middle School in Mountain View, where he became a "socially awkward loner".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=13}} Jobs was often "bullied" at Crittenden Middle, and in the middle of 7th grade, he gave his parents an ultimatum: either they would take him out of Crittenden or he would drop out of school.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=13–14}}

The Jobs family was not affluent, and only by expending all their savings were they able to buy a new home in 1967, allowing Steve to change schools. The new house (a three-bedroom home on Crist Drive in [[Los Altos, California]]) was in the better [[Cupertino Union School District|Cupertino School District]], in [[Cupertino, California]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=14}} The house was declared a historic site in 2013, as the first site of Apple Computer.<ref name="hissite" /> {{As of|2013}}, it was owned by Jobs's sister, Patty, and occupied by his stepmother, Marilyn.<ref name="piece">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_24193660/steve-jobs-old-garage-about-become-piece-history?source=pkg |title=Steve Jobs' old garage about to become a piece of history |website=mercurynews.com |date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626103134/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_24193660/steve-jobs-old-garage-about-become-piece-history?source=pkg |url-status=live }}</ref> When he was 13, in 1968,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/48043894|title=Steve Jobs II|website=Vimeo}}</ref> Jobs was given a summer job by [[Bill Hewlett]] (of [[Hewlett-Packard]]) after Jobs cold-called him to ask for parts for an electronics project.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=xix; 534}}

===Homestead High===
[[File:Steve Jobs in 1972 Pegasus (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Jobs's [[Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)|Homestead High School]] yearbook photo, 1972]]
The location of the Los Altos home meant that Jobs would be able to attend nearby [[Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)|Homestead High School]], which had strong ties to [[Silicon Valley]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=16}} He began his first year there in late 1968 along with [[Bill Fernandez]],<ref name="Hiner">{{cite web|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/apples-first-employee-the-remarkable-odyssey-of-bill-fernandez/|title=Apple's first employee: The remarkable odyssey of Bill Fernandez|author=Jason Hiner|date=December 5, 2014|work=TechRepublic}}</ref> who introduced Jobs to Steve Wozniak, and would become Apple's first employee. Neither Jobs nor Fernandez (whose father was a lawyer) came from engineering households and thus decided to enroll in John McCollum's Electronics I class.<ref name="Hiner"/> Jobs had grown his hair long and become involved in the growing counterculture, and the rebellious youth eventually clashed with McCollum and lost interest in the class.<ref name="Hiner"/>

Jobs underwent a change during mid-1970. He later noted to his official biographer that "I started to listen to music a whole lot, and I started to read more outside of just science and technology — [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Plato]]. I loved ''[[King Lear]]'' ... when I was a senior I had this phenomenal [[AP English Literature and Composition|AP English class]]. The teacher was this guy who looked like [[Ernest Hemingway]]. He took a bunch of us snowshoeing in Yosemite." During his last two years at Homestead High, Jobs developed two different interests: electronics and literature.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=19}} These dual interests were particularly reflected during Jobs's senior year, as his best friends were Wozniak and his first girlfriend, the artistic Homestead junior [[Chrisann Brennan]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=21–32}}

In 1971, after Wozniak began attending [[University of California, Berkeley]], Jobs would visit him there a few times a week. This experience led him to study in nearby [[Stanford University]]'s student union. Instead of joining the electronics club, Jobs put on light shows with a friend for Homestead's [[avant-garde]] [[jazz]] program. He was described by a Homestead classmate as "kind of brain and kind of hippie ... but he never fit into either group. He was smart enough to be a nerd, but wasn't nerdy. And he was too intellectual for the hippies, who just wanted to get wasted all the time. He was kind of an outsider. In high school everything revolved around what group you were in, and if you weren't in a carefully defined group, you weren't anybody. He was an individual, in a world where individuality was suspect." By his senior year in late 1971, he was taking a freshman English class at Stanford and working on a Homestead underground film project with Chrisann Brennan.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=31}}{{sfn|Brennan|2013|pp=1-11}}

Around that time, Wozniak designed a low-cost digital "[[blue box]]" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. He was inspired by an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a38878/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-blue-box-phone-phreaking/ |title=How Blue Box Phone Phreaking Put Steve Jobs and Woz on the Road to Apple |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216111546/http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a38878/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-blue-box-phone-phreaking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs decided then to sell them and split the profit with Wozniak. The clandestine sales of the illegal blue boxes went well and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be both fun and profitable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.i-programmer.info/history/people/104-steve-jobs-apple.html |title=Steve Jobs and the Early Apple Years |website=The PC Is Born |publisher=Joomla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718061727/http://www.i-programmer.info/history/people/104-steve-jobs-apple.html |archive-date=July 18, 2012 |access-date=March 27, 2012 }}</ref> In a 1994 interview, he recalled that it took six months for him and Wozniak to design the blue boxes.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Steve Jobs 1994 Uncut Interview with English Subtitles |last=McBurney, Sally (Director) |publisher=Silicon Valley Historical Association |year=2013 | location=[[Menlo Park, California]] |medium=Video}}</ref> Jobs later reflected that had it not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=30}} He states it showed them that they could take on large companies and beat them.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Steve Jobs Interview about the Blue Box Story |date=January 19, 2009 |publisher= Silicon Valley Historical Association |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFURM8O-oYI |access-date=June 14, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402205622/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFURM8O-oYI |archive-date=April 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Steve Jobs: Visionary Entrepreneur">{{Cite AV media |title=Steve Jobs: Visionary Entrepreneur |last=McBurney | first=Sally |publisher=Silicon Valley Historical Association |year=2013 |place=[[Menlo Park, California]] |medium=Video}}</ref>

By his senior year of high school, Jobs began using [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=19}} He later recalled that on one occasion he consumed it in a wheat field outside Sunnyvale, and experienced "the most wonderful feeling of my life up to that point".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=31–32}} In mid-1972, after graduation and before leaving for [[Reed College]], Jobs and Brennan rented a house from their other roommate, Al.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jobs at 17: Nerd, Poet, Romantic |last=Brennan |first=Chrisann |date=October 19, 2011 |website=[[Rolling Stone Magazine]] | url=http://india.nydailynews.com/article/3ea39bee2a29179c3406250afd01c526/the-steve-jobs-nobody-knew | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233149/http://india.nydailynews.com/article/3ea39bee2a29179c3406250afd01c526/the-steve-jobs-nobody-knew |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=February 9, 2015}}</ref>

===Reed College===
In September 1972, Jobs enrolled at [[Reed College]] in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Karen |last=Blumenthal  |year=2012 |title=Steve Jobs The Man Who Thought Different |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781408832073}} pp.271–272</ref> He insisted on applying only to Reed, although it was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=33}} Jobs soon befriended [[Robert Friedland]],{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=37}} who was Reed's [[Student government president|student body president]] at that time.<ref name=Reedmagazine>[http://www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/december2011/articles/features/jobs/jobs2.html Reed Magazine: "Prodigal Son"] December 2011</ref> Brennan remained involved with Jobs while he was at Reed.
{{quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=I was interested in [[Counterculture of the 1960s#Religion, spirituality and the occult|Eastern mysticism]] which hit the shores about then. At [[Reed College|Reed]] there was a constant flow of people stopping by – from [[Timothy Leary]] and [[Richard Alpert]], to [[Gary Snyder]]. There was a constant flow of intellectual questioning about the truth of life. That was the time when every college student in the country read ''[[Be Here Now (book)|Be Here Now]]'' and ''[[Diet for a Small Planet]]''.|source=—Steve Jobs<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/11/playboy-releases-1985-interview-with-29-year-old-steve-jobs/66833/ The Atlantic: "Playboy Releases 1985 Interview With 29-Year-Old Steve Jobs"] November 19, 2010</ref>}}
After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents.{{sfn|Schlender|2016|p=30}} Jobs later explained this was because he did not want to spend his parents' money on an education that seemed meaningless to him. He continued to attend by auditing his classes,{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=40–41}} including a course on [[calligraphy]] that was taught by [[Robert Palladino]]. In a 2005 commencement speech at [[Stanford University]], Jobs stated that during this period, he slept on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, [[History of bottle recycling in the United States|returned Coke bottles]] for food money, and got weekly free meals at the local [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] temple. In that same speech, Jobs said: "If I had never dropped in on that single [[calligraphy]] course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple [[typeface]]s or proportionally spaced fonts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/oct/09/steve-jobs-stanford-commencement-address/print |title=Steve Jobs: Stanford commencement address, June 2005 |first=John |last=Naughton |date=October 8, 2011 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211064825/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/09/steve-jobs-stanford-commencement-address/print |archive-date=February 11, 2012 |location=London}}</ref>

==1974–1985==
{{See also|History of Apple#1971–1985: Jobs and Wozniak}}
{{quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=I was lucky to get into computers when it was a very young and idealistic industry. There weren't many degrees offered in computer science, so people in computers were brilliant people from mathematics, physics, music, zoology, whatever. They loved it, and no one was really in it for the money [...] There are people around here who start companies just to make money, but the great companies, well, that's not what they're about.|source=—Steve Jobs<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1998/11/09/250880/index.htm |title=The Three Faces of Steve in this exclusive, personal conversation, Apple's CEO reflects on the turnaround, and on how a wunderkind became an old pro. |last=Schlender |first=Brent |date=November 9, 1998 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408150120/http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1998/11/09/250880/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Pre-Apple===
In February 1974, Jobs returned to his parents' home in Los Altos and began looking for a job.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=42–43}} He was soon hired by [[Atari, Inc.]] in [[Los Gatos, California]], as a [[computer technician]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=42–43}}<ref name="intoday1">{{Cite magazine |date=September 13, 2011 |title=An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-visit-gave-a-vision-to-steve-jobs/1/154785.html |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506051820/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-visit-gave-a-vision-to-steve-jobs/1/154785.html |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Back in 1973, [[Steve Wozniak]] designed his own version of the classic video game ''[[Pong]]'' and gave its electronics board to Jobs. According to Wozniak, Atari only hired Jobs because he took the board down to the company, and they thought that he had built it himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2013/06/27/how-steve-wozniak-s-breakout-defined-apple-s-future.aspx |title=How Steve Wozniak's Breakout Defined Apple's Future |date=June 27, 2013 |publisher=Gameinformer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101231442/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2013/06/27/how-steve-wozniak-s-breakout-defined-apple-s-future.aspx |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> Atari's cofounder [[Nolan Bushnell]] later described him as "difficult but valuable", pointing out that "he was very often the smartest guy in the room, and he would let people know that".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mike-cassidy/ci_22890892/cassidy-steve-jobs-hire-nolan-bushnell-book-atari |title=Cassidy on Nolan Bushnell: 'Steve was difficult,' says man who first hired Steve Jobs |date=March 29, 2013 |work=Mercury News |access-date=April 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206101225/http://www.mercurynews.com/mike-cassidy/ci_22890892/cassidy-steve-jobs-hire-nolan-bushnell-book-atari |archive-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref>

Jobs traveled to India in mid-1974<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-25/news/30320340_1_delhi-belly-intuition-indian-villages |title=What really shaped Steve Jobs's view of India – Realms of intuition or the pains of Delhi belly? |date=September 25, 2011 |work=Economic Times |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430234032/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-25/news/30320340_1_delhi-belly-intuition-indian-villages |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |location=India  }}</ref> to visit [[Neem Karoli Baba]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/06/sezioni/scienza_e_tecnologia/santone-silicon-valley/santone-silicon-valley/santone-silicon-valley.html |title=Il santone della Silicon Valley che ha conquistato i tecno-boss |date=June 9, 2008 |publisher=Repubblica.it |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508204520/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/06/sezioni/scienza_e_tecnologia/santone-silicon-valley/santone-silicon-valley/santone-silicon-valley.html |archive-date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref> at his Kainchi [[ashram]] with his Reed College friend and eventual Apple employee [[Daniel Kottke]], searching for spiritual teachings. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted because Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973. Then, they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of [[Haidakhan Babaji]].<ref name="intoday1" />

After seven months, Jobs left [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/wandering-india-steve-jobs-learned-intuition-123904237.html |title=Wandering in India for 7 months: Steve Jobs |date=October 24, 2011 |publisher=Yahoo News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619010551/http://in.news.yahoo.com/wandering-india-steve-jobs-learned-intuition-123904237.html |archive-date=June 19, 2012 |access-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.<ref name="intoday1" /> Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved, and he wore traditional [[Clothing in India|Indian clothing]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/4242660/Steve-Jobs-Apples-iGod-Profile.html |title=Steve Jobs, Apple's iGod: Profile |last=Andrews |first=Amanda |date=January 14, 2009 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=October 29, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413064433/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/4242660/Steve-Jobs-Apples-iGod-Profile.html |archive-date=April 13, 2012 |location=UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.scotsman.com/comment/Steve-Jobs-profile-Apple39s-hard.4863847.jp |title=Steve Jobs profile: Apple's hard core |date=January 11, 2009 |access-date=October 29, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926150825/http://news.scotsman.com/comment/Steve-Jobs-profile-Apple39s-hard.4863847.jp |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |publisher=News scotsman |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> During this time, Jobs experimented with [[psychedelic drug|psychedelics]], later calling his [[LSD]] experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC&pg=PT25 |title=What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry |last=Markoff |first=John |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-303676-0 |page=preface xix |author-link=John Markoff |access-date=October 5, 2011 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025734/https://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC&pg=PT25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/jobss-pentagon-papers-kidnap-fears-drug-use-and-a-speeding-ticket-20120612-206yr.html |title=Jobs's Pentagon papers: kidnap fears, drug use and a speeding ticket |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=June 12, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615160118/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/jobss-pentagon-papers-kidnap-fears-drug-use-and-a-speeding-ticket-20120612-206yr.html |archive-date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> He spent a period at the [[All One Farm]], a [[History of the hippie movement#New Communalism|commune]] in [[Oregon]] that was owned by [[Robert Friedland#Early life|Robert Friedland]].

During this time period, Jobs and Brennan both became practitioners of [[Zen]] [[Buddhism]] through the Zen master [[Kōbun Chino Otogawa]]. Jobs engaged in lengthy [[retreat (spiritual)#Buddhism|meditation retreats]] at the [[Tassajara Zen Mountain Center]], the oldest [[Sōtō|Sōtō Zen]] monastery in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/neurotribes/2011/10/28/what-kind-of-buddhist-was-steve-jobs-really/ |title=What Kind of Buddhist was Steve Jobs, Really? |last=Silberman |first=Steve |date=October 28, 2011 |website=NeuroTribes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703001131/http://blogs.plos.org/neurotribes/2011/10/28/what-kind-of-buddhist-was-steve-jobs-really/ |archive-date=July 3, 2012 |access-date=December 29, 2011 }}</ref> He considered taking up monastic residence at [[Eihei-ji]] in [[Japan]], and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Daniel |date=November 2, 2011 |title=Steve Jobs' private spirituality now an open book |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-11-02/steve-jobs-faith-buddhism/51049772/1 |url-status=live |access-date=December 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-11-02/steve-jobs-faith-buddhism/51049772/1 |archive-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref> Japanese cuisine, and artists such as [[Hasui Kawase]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kentaro |first=Saeki |date=May 10, 2020 |title=The secret passion of Steve Jobs {{!}} NHK WORLD-JAPAN News |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/1074/ |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=NHK WORLD |publisher=[[NHK World-Japan]] |language=en |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314182646/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/1074/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jobs returned to Atari in early 1975, and that summer, Bushnell assigned him to create a [[circuit board]] for the [[Arcade game|arcade]] video game ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]'' in as few chips as possible, knowing that Jobs would recruit Wozniak for help. During his day job at HP, Wozniak drew sketches of the circuit design; at night, he joined Jobs at Atari and continued to refine the design, which Jobs implemented on a [[breadboard]].{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=52–54}} According to Bushnell, Atari offered {{USD|100|1975|about=yes|long=no|round=-2}} for each [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]] chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, within four days Wozniak reduced the TTL count to 45, far below the usual 100, though Atari later re-engineered it to make it easier to test and add a few missing features.{{Sfn|Smith|2020|pp=286-287}} According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari paid them only $750 (instead of the actual $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $375.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Steven L. Kent|last=Kent |first=Steven L. |title=[[The Ultimate History of Video Games]] |pages=71–73 |publisher=Three Rivers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7615-3643-7}}</ref> Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later but said that if Jobs had told him about it and explained that he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=104–107}}

Jobs and Wozniak attended meetings of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]] in 1975, which was a stepping stone to the development and marketing of the first Apple computer.<ref name="NYT obit">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/business/steve-jobs-of-apple-dies-at-56.html |title=Steven P. Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple's Visionary Redefined Digital Age |last=Markoff |first=John |date=October 5, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219231603/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/business/steve-jobs-of-apple-dies-at-56.html |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to a document released by the [[United States Department of Defense]], Jobs claimed that in 1975, he was arrested in [[Eugene, Oregon]], after being questioned for being a minor in possession of alcohol. Jobs alleged that he "didn't have any alcohol", but police questioned him, and subsequently determined that he had an outstanding arrest warrant for an unpaid speeding ticket. Jobs claimed he then paid the $50 fine. The arrest allegedly occurred "behind a store".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heisler |first1=Yoni |title=Steve Jobs' LSD habit, why he indulged in Marijuana, and his 1975 arrest |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2222575/data-center-steve-jobs-lsd-habit-why-he-indulged-in-marijuana-and-his-1975-arrest.html |website=NETWORKWORLD |date=June 12, 2012 |publisher=IDG Communications, Inc. |access-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905044820/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2222575/data-center-steve-jobs-lsd-habit-why-he-indulged-in-marijuana-and-his-1975-arrest.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Zetter |first1=Kim |title=Steve Jobs' Pentagon File: Blackmail Fears, Youthful Arrest and LSD Cubes |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/steve-jobs-security-clearance/ |magazine=WIRED |access-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905044820/https://www.wired.com/2012/06/steve-jobs-security-clearance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Apple (1976–1985)===
{{quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Basically [[Steve Wozniak]] and I invented the Apple because we wanted a personal computer. Not only couldn't we afford the computers that were on the market, those computers were impractical for us to use. We needed a [[Volkswagen Type 2|Volkswagen]]. The Volkswagen isn't as fast or comfortable as other ways of traveling, but the VW owners can go where they want, when they want and with whom they want. The VW owners have personal control of their car.|source=—Steve Jobs<ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Jefferey S.|title=Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward.|date=December 1988|publisher=Lynx Books|isbn=155802378X|pages=6}}</ref>}}
By March 1976, Wozniak completed the basic design of the [[Apple I]] computer and showed it to Jobs, who suggested that they sell it; Wozniak was at first skeptical of the idea but later agreed.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=5–6}} In April of that same year, Jobs, Wozniak, and administrative overseer [[Ronald Wayne]] founded Apple Computer Company (now called "Apple Inc.") as a [[business partnership]] in Jobs's parents' Crist Drive home on April 1, 1976. The operation originally started in Jobs's bedroom and later moved to the garage.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=6–8}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm |title=Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc |last=Linzmayer |first=Owen W. |work=The Denver Post |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414125259/http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm |archive-date=April 14, 2012 }}</ref> Wayne stayed briefly, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the active primary cofounders of the company.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/web/06/24/apple.forgotten.founder/index.html |title=The gambling man who co-founded Apple and left for $800 |last=Simon |first=Dan |date=June 24, 2010 |access-date=June 24, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410065148/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/web/06/24/apple.forgotten.founder/index.html?hpt=C1&fbid=lG95iTlU4iD |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

The two decided on the name "Apple" after Jobs returned from the All One Farm commune in Oregon and told Wozniak about his time in the farm's [[apple orchard]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8 |title=How Did Apple Computer Get Its Brand Name? |date=November 17, 2011 |publisher=Branding Strategy Insider |access-date=November 6, 2017 |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704125732/https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs originally planned to produce bare [[printed circuit board]]s of the Apple I and sell them to computer hobbyists for {{USD|50|1976|about=yes|long=no|round=-1}} each. To fund the first batch, Wozniak sold his [[HP-65|HP scientific calculator]] and Jobs sold his [[Volkswagen Type 2|Volkswagen van]].{{sfn|Linzmayer|pp=5–7}}{{sfn|Schlender|2016|pp=39–40}} Later that year, computer retailer [[Paul Terrell]] purchased 50 fully assembled Apple I units for $500 each.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=66–68}}{{sfn|Linzmayer|pp=7–9}} Eventually, about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total.<ref name="AppleStoryPart1">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up | title=The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History | work=BYTE | date=December 1984 | access-date=November 16, 2019 |author1=Williams, Gregg |author2=Moore, Rob | page=A67 | type=interview}}</ref>

{{External media
| width = 210px
|image1 = [https://img.gazeta.ru/files3/725/13190725/upload-upload-04-pic4_zoom-1000x1000-18187-pic4_zoom-1500x1500-65192.jpg Jobs and Steve Wozniak with an Apple I circuit board, c. 1976.]
}}
A neighbor on Crist Drive recalled Jobs as an odd individual who would greet his clients "with his underwear hanging out, barefoot and hippie-like". Another neighbor, Larry Waterland, who had just earned his PhD in chemical engineering at Stanford, recalled dismissing Jobs's budding business compared to the established industry of giant mainframe computers with big decks of punch cards: "Steve took me over to the garage. He had a circuit board with a chip on it, a DuMont TV set, a Panasonic cassette tape deck and a keyboard. He said, 'This is an Apple computer.' I said, 'You've got to be joking.' I dismissed the whole idea." Jobs's friend from Reed College and India, [[Daniel Kottke]], recalled that as an early Apple employee, he "was the only person who worked in the garage ... Woz would show up once a week with his latest code. Steve Jobs didn't get his hands dirty in that sense." Kottke also stated that much of the early work took place in Jobs's kitchen, where he spent hours on the phone trying to find investors for the company.<ref name=piece/>

They received funding from semi-retired [[Intel]] product marketing manager and engineer [[Mike Markkula]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html |title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil |last=Markoff |first=John |date=September 1, 1997 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 24, 2011 |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102015839/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Scott McNealy]], one of the cofounders of [[Sun Microsystems]], said that Jobs broke a "[[glass ceiling|glass age ceiling]]" in Silicon Valley because he'd created a very successful company at a young age.<ref name="Steve Jobs: Visionary Entrepreneur" /> Markkula brought Apple to the attention of [[Arthur Rock]], who, after looking at the crowded Apple booth at the Home Brew Computer Show, started with a $60,000 investment and went on the Apple board.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/done-deals-venture-capitalists-tell-their-story-featured-hbs-arthur-rock |title=Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Story: Featured HBS Arthur Rock |website=HBS Working Knowledge |access-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816000405/https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/done-deals-venture-capitalists-tell-their-story-featured-hbs-arthur-rock |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs was not pleased when Markkula recruited [[Michael Scott (Apple)|Mike Scott]] from [[National Semiconductor]] in February 1977 to serve as the first president and CEO of Apple.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=81–83}}{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=11}}

{{quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = For what characterizes Apple is that its scientific staff always acted and performed like artists – in a field filled with dry personalities limited by the rational and binary worlds they inhabit, Apple's engineering teams had passion. They always believed that what they were doing was important and, most of all, fun. Working at Apple was never just a job; it was also a crusade, a mission, to bring better computer power to people. At its roots, that attitude came from Steve Jobs. It was "[[Power to the people (slogan)|Power to the People]]", the slogan of the sixties, rewritten in technology for the eighties and called [[Macintosh]].
| source = —Jeffrey S. Young, 1987<ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Jefferey S.|title=Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward.|date=December 1988|publisher=Lynx Books|isbn=155802378X|pages=8}}</ref>
}}

After Brennan returned from her own journey to India, she and Jobs fell in love again, as Brennan noted changes in him that she attributes to [[Kōbun Chino Otogawa|Kobun]] (whom she was also still following). It was also at this time that Jobs displayed a prototype Apple II computer to Brennan and his parents in their living room. Brennan notes a shift in this time period, where the two main influences on Jobs were Apple Inc. and [[Kobun Chino Otogawa|Kobun]].

In April 1977, Jobs and Wozniak introduced the [[Apple II]] at the [[West Coast Computer Faire]].{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=12}} It is the first consumer product to have been sold by Apple Computer. Primarily designed by Wozniak, Jobs oversaw the development of its unusual case and [[Rod Holt]] developed the unique power supply.<ref name="wozorg">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.woz.org/letters/general/35.html |title=woz.org: Comment From e-mail: Why didn't the early Apple II's use Fans? |last=Wozniak |first=Steve |publisher=woz.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226203330/http://archive.woz.org/letters/general/35.html |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |access-date=May 10, 2015 }}</ref> During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two [[expansion slot]]s, while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer". They later agreed on eight slots.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Wozniak |first1= Steve |last2= Smith |first2= Gina |author2-link= Gina Smith (author) |year= 2006 |title= iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn= 0-393-06143-4 |oclc= 502898652 |title-link= iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It }}</ref> The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products in the world.<ref name="Ars Technica 2005-12-15">{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/3/ |title=Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures |last=Reimer |first=Jeremy |date=December 15, 2005 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=May 25, 2010 |archive-date=July 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702222414/http://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As Jobs became more successful with his new company, his relationship with Brennan grew more complex. In 1977, the success of Apple was now a part of their relationship, and Brennan, [[Daniel Kottke]], and Jobs moved into a house near the Apple office in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]].<ref name="kqed">[http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/11/25/interview-apple-employee-no-12-dan-kottke-on-companys-earliest-days-and-steve-jobs-in-college "Interview: Apple Employee No. 12 Dan Kottke on Company's Earliest Days and the College Steve Jobs"]. [[KQED Inc.|KQED]], November 25, 2011.</ref> Brennan eventually took a position in the shipping department at Apple.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/pictures-of-apples-first-employees-2013-12 |title=These Pictures of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful |last=Edwards |first=Jim |date=December 26, 2013 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 19, 2015 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731193835/http://www.businessinsider.com/pictures-of-apples-first-employees-2013-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brennan's relationship with Jobs deteriorated as his position with Apple grew, and she began to consider ending the relationship. In October 1977, Brennan was approached by [[Rod Holt]], who asked her to take "a paid apprenticeship designing blueprints for the Apples".<ref name="vicious">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/15/steve-jobs-chrisann-brennan-memoir-apple|title=Steve Jobs' ex-girlfriend pens memoir on life with 'vicious' Apple founder|access-date=January 17, 2015|last=Metz|first=Rachel |date=October 15, 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Both Holt and Jobs believed that it would be a good position for her, given her artistic abilities. Holt was particularly eager that she take the position and puzzled by her ambivalence toward it. Brennan's decision, however, was overshadowed by the fact that she realized she was pregnant, and that Jobs was the father. It took her a few days to tell Jobs, whose face, according to Brennan, "turned ugly" at the news. At the same time, according to Brennan, at the beginning of her third trimester, Jobs said to her: "I never wanted to ask that you get an abortion. I just didn't want to do that."{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=88–89}} He also refused to discuss the pregnancy with her.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=88–89}}

Brennan turned down the internship and decided to leave Apple. A few weeks before she was due to give birth, Brennan was invited to deliver her baby at the All One Farm. She accepted the offer.<ref name="vicious"/> When Jobs was 23 (the same age as his biological parents when they had him){{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=88–89}} Brennan gave birth to her baby, [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs|Lisa Brennan]], on May 17, 1978.<ref name="vicious"/> Jobs went there for the birth after he was contacted by [[Robert Friedland]], their mutual friend and the farm owner. While distant, Jobs worked with her on a name for the baby, which they discussed while sitting in the fields on a blanket. Brennan suggested the name "Lisa" which Jobs also liked and notes that Jobs was very attached to the name "Lisa" while he "was also publicly denying paternity". She would discover later that during this time, Jobs was preparing to unveil a new kind of computer that he wanted to give a female name (his first choice was "Claire" after [[Clare of Assisi|St. Clare]]). She stated that she never gave him permission to use the baby's name for a computer and he hid the plans from her. Jobs worked with his team to come up with the phrase, "Local Integrated Software Architecture" as an [[backronym|alternative explanation]] for the [[Apple Lisa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/lisa-brennan-jobs-business-icons-rich/8/31/2010/id/29768 |title=The Kids of Business Icons: Lisa Brennan-Jobs |last=Bullock |first=Diane |date=August 31, 2010 |website=[[Minyanville]] |access-date=October 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904121526/http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/lisa-brennan-jobs-business-icons-rich/8/31/2010/id/29768 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Decades later, however, Jobs admitted to his biographer [[Walter Isaacson]] that "obviously, it was named for my daughter".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=93}}

When Jobs denied paternity, a [[DNA paternity testing|DNA test]] established him as Lisa's father.<ref name="machineofthe year1" /> It required him to pay Brennan {{USD|385|1983|about=yes|long=no|round=-2}} monthly in addition to returning the welfare money she had received. Jobs paid her {{USD|500|1983|about=yes|long=no|round=-2}} monthly at the time when Apple went public and made him a millionaire. Later, Brennan agreed to an interview with [[Michael Moritz]] for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine for its [[Time Person of the Year]] special, released on January 3, 1983, in which she discussed her relationship with Jobs. Rather than name Jobs the Person of the Year, the magazine named the generic [[personal computer]] the "Machine of the Year".<ref>"Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves in". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', January 3, 1983</ref> In the issue, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test, which stated that the "probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%".<ref name="machineofthe year1">Cocks, Jay. Reported by Michael Moritz. "[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953633,00.html The Updated Book of Jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209201759/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953633,00.html |date=February 9, 2015 }}" in "Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves in". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', January 3, 1983:27.</ref> He responded by arguing that "28% of the male population of the United States could be the father". ''Time'' also noted that "the baby girl and the machine on which Apple has placed so much hope for the future share the same name: Lisa".<ref name="machineofthe year1" />

In 1978, at age 23, Jobs was worth over {{USD|1 million|long=no}} (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|1000000|1978|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|USD}}). By age 25, his net worth grew to an estimated {{USD|250 million|long=no}} (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|250000000|1981|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|USD}}). He was also one of the youngest "people ever to make the Forbes list of the nation's richest people—and one of only a handful to have done it themselves, without inherited wealth".<ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Jefferey S.|title=Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward.|date=December 1988|publisher=Lynx Books|isbn=155802378X|pages=7}}</ref> In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment on the top two floors of [[The San Remo]], a Manhattan building with a politically progressive reputation. Although he never lived there,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/02/steve-jobs-house-dem/ |title=Photos: The Historic House Steve Jobs Demolished |date=February 17, 2011 |magazine=Wired |access-date=March 11, 2017 |archive-date=June 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603000841/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/02/steve-jobs-house-dem |url-status=live }}</ref> he spent years renovating it thanks to [[I. M. Pei]]. In 1983, Jobs lured [[John Sculley]] away from [[Pepsi-Cola]] to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want a chance to change the world?".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=386–387}}

In 1984, Jobs bought the [[Jackling House]] and estate and resided there for a decade. Thereafter, he leased it out for several years until 2000 when he stopped maintaining the house, allowing weathering to degrade it. In 2004, Jobs received permission from the town of Woodside to demolish the house to build a smaller, contemporary styled one. After a few years in court, the house was finally demolished in 2011, a few months before he died.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/02/14/BAUK1HN0JR.DTL |title=Steve Jobs' historic Woodside mansion is torn down |last=Lee |first=Henry K. |date=February 15, 2011 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=February 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225152428/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2FBAUK1HN0JR.DTL |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Early Macintosh Prototype Computer History Museum Mountain View California 2013-04-11 23-45.jpg
| alt1 = Macintosh prototype
| caption1 = A Macintosh prototype, {{circa|1981}}
| image2 = Steve Jobs and Macintosh computer, January 1984, by Bernard Gotfryd - edited.jpg
| alt2 = Jobs with Mac
| caption2 = Jobs and the Macintosh, 1984
}}
Jobs took over development of the [[Macintosh]] in 1981, from early Apple employee [[Jef Raskin]], who had conceived the project. Wozniak and Raskin had heavily influenced the early program, and Wozniak was on leave during this time due to an airplane crash earlier that year, making it easier for Jobs to take over the project.<ref name="TheVerge"/><ref>{{Cite book |first=Jason D. |last=O'Grady |year=2009 |title=Apple Inc. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313362446}} pp. 8–10</ref>{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=109–112}} On January 22, 1984, Apple aired a [[Super Bowl]] television commercial titled "[[1984 (television commercial)|1984]]", which ended with the words: "On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]''."{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=110–113}} On January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience at Apple's annual shareholders meeting held in the [[De Anza College#The Flint Center for the Performing Arts|Flint Auditorium]] at De Anza College.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=167–170}}<ref>{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Schlender|2016}}|title=Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader|first1=Brent |last1=Schlender |first2=Rick |last2=Tetzeli|date=2016 |publisher=Crown Business; Reprint edition|isbn=9780385347426}} pp.82–83</ref> Macintosh engineer [[Andy Hertzfeld]] described the scene as "pandemonium".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_Times_They_Are_A-Changin.txt |title=The Times They Are A-Changin' |last=Hertzfeld |first=Andy |author-link=Andy Hertzfeld |publisher=folklore.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205012505/http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_Times_They_Are_A-Changin.txt |archive-date=February 5, 2012}}</ref> The Macintosh was inspired by the [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]] (in turn inspired by [[PARC user interface|Xerox PARC's]] [[computer mouse|mouse]]-driven [[graphical user interface]]),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2004/01/61730 |title=Wired News: We're All Mac Users Now |last=Kahney |first=Leander |date=January 6, 2004 |work=Wired News |access-date=September 20, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104172110/http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/news/2004/01/61730 |archive-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/storysupplement/stevejobs/index.html |title=America's Most Admired Companies: Jobs' journey timeline |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=May 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410024515/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/storysupplement/stevejobs/index.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }} Jobs and a team of engineers visit Xerox PARC, where they see a demo of mouse and graphical user interface</ref> and it was widely acclaimed by the media with strong initial sales.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=185–187}}{{sfn|Schlender|2016|pp=84–88}} However, its low performance and limited range of available software led to a rapid sales decline in the second half of 1984.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=185–187}}{{sfn|Schlender|2016|pp=84–88}}{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=98}}

Sculley's and Jobs's respective visions for the company greatly differed. Sculley favored [[open architecture]] computers like the Apple II, targeting education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the [[closed architecture]] Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over chairman of the board Jobs's Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/II_Computing_Vol_1_No_1_Oct_Nov_85_Premiere#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Whither Apple? |last=Robbeloth, DeWitt |date=Oct–Nov 1985 |work=II Computing |access-date=January 28, 2015 |page=8}}</ref> Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 [[annual meeting]] did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Unrecognized Apple II Employees Exit |last=Rice, Valerie |date=April 15, 1985 |work=InfoWorld |access-date=February 4, 2015 |page=35 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514001050/https://books.google.com/books?id=zC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though frustrated with the company's and Jobs's dismissal of the Apple II in favor of the Macintosh, Wozniak left amicably and remained an honorary employee of Apple, maintaining a lifelong friendship with Jobs.<ref>{{cite book | title=My Close Encounters With Steve Jobs | chapter=Chapter 10: Steve Thumbs his Nose at the Apple II | first=David | last=Bunnell | via=Cult of Mac | chapter-url=https://www.cultofmac.com/40434/steve-thumbs-his-nose-at-the-apple-ii-recollections/ | access-date=November 12, 2019 | date=April 30, 2010 | archive-date=July 19, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719104951/https://www.cultofmac.com/40434/steve-thumbs-his-nose-at-the-apple-ii-recollections/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://woz.org/letters/never-left-apple/|title=I Never Left Apple|date=January 3, 2018|work=Woz.org|access-date=November 12, 2019|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162321/http://woz.org/letters/never-left-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Anand|last2=Li|first2=Susan|title=Jobs's Death Was Like Lennon, JFK Getting Shot, Wozniak Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=October 6, 2011|access-date=November 12, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112175804/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Steve Jobs with Wendell Brown in January 1984, at the launch of Brown's Hippo-C software for Macintosh.jpg|thumb|upright|Jobs with software developer [[Wendell Brown]], 1984]]
By early 1985, the Macintosh's failure to defeat the IBM PC became clear,{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=185–187}}{{sfn|Schlender|2016|pp=84–88}} and it strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In May 1985, Sculley—encouraged by Arthur Rock—decided to reorganize Apple, and proposed a plan to the board that would remove Jobs from the Macintosh group and put him in charge of "New Product Development". This move would effectively render Jobs powerless within Apple.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/steve-jobs-fire-company/story?id=14683754 | title=When Steve Jobs Got Fired by Apple | website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] }}</ref> In response, Jobs then developed a plan to get rid of Sculley and take over Apple. However, Jobs was confronted after the plan was leaked, and he said that he would leave Apple. The Board declined his resignation and asked him to reconsider. Sculley also told Jobs that he had all of the votes needed to go ahead with the reorganization. A few months later, on September 17, 1985, Jobs submitted a letter of resignation to the Apple Board. Five additional senior Apple employees also resigned and joined Jobs in his new venture, NeXT.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=William |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Looking back at Steve Jobs's NeXT, Inc — the most successful failure ever |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/09/12/looking-back-at-steve-jobss-next-inc----the-most-successful-failure-ever |access-date=July 12, 2022 |website=AppleInsider |language=en}}</ref>

The Macintosh's struggle continued after Jobs left Apple. Though marketed and received in fanfare, the expensive Macintosh was hard to sell.<ref name="Swaine">Swaine, Michael and Paul Freiberger. ''Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer'', 3rd Edition, Dallas: Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2014</ref>{{rp|308–309}} In 1985, [[Bill Gates]]'s then-developing company, [[Microsoft]], threatened to stop developing Mac applications unless it was granted "a license for the Mac operating system software. Microsoft was developing its graphical user interface ... for DOS, which it was calling [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and didn't want Apple to sue over the similarities between the Windows GUI and the Mac interface."<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|321}} Sculley granted Microsoft the license which later led to problems for Apple.<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|321}} In addition, cheap [[IBM PC compatible|IBM PC clones]] that ran Microsoft software and had a graphical user interface began to appear. Although the Macintosh preceded the clones, it was far more expensive, so "through the late 1980s, the Windows user interface was getting better and better and was thus taking increasingly more share from Apple".<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|322}} Windows-based IBM-PC clones also led to the development of additional GUIs such as IBM's TopView or Digital Research's GEM,<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|322}} and thus "the graphical user interface was beginning to be taken for granted, undermining the most apparent advantage of the Mac...it seemed clear as the 1980s wound down that Apple couldn't go it alone indefinitely against the whole IBM-clone market".<ref name="Swaine"/>{{rp|322}}

==1985–1997==
===NeXT computer===
{{See also|NeXT}}
Following his resignation from Apple in 1985, Jobs founded NeXT Inc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market |last=Spector |first=G |date=September 24, 1985 |work=[[PC Week]] |page=109}}</ref> with $7&nbsp;million. A year later he was running out of money, and he sought venture capital with no product on the horizon. Eventually, Jobs attracted the attention of billionaire [[Ross Perot]], who invested heavily in the company.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=208}} The NeXT computer was shown to the world in what was considered Jobs's comeback event,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/steve-jobs-comes-back-207006 |title=Steve Jobs Comes Back |last=Schwartz |first=John |date=October 24, 1988 |work=Newsweek |access-date=October 20, 2014 |location=Palo Alto, California |page=Business |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014213058/http://www.newsweek.com/steve-jobs-comes-back-207006 |url-status=live }}</ref> a lavish invitation-only gala [[NeXT Introduction|launch event]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/Timeline/TImeline.html |title=NeXT Timeline |access-date=January 21, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203052821/http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/Timeline/TImeline.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that was described as a multimedia extravaganza.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html |title=Next Project: Apple Era Behind Him, Steve Jobs Tries Again, Using a New System |last=Schlender |first=Brenton R. |date=October 13, 1988 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 20, 2014 |publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones & Company Inc]] |location=Palo Alto, California |edition=Western |page=Front Page Leader |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150953/http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The celebration was held at the [[Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall]], San Francisco, California, on Wednesday, October 12, 1988. [[Steve Wozniak]] said in a 2013 interview that while Jobs was at NeXT he was "really getting his head together".<ref name=TheVerge/>

NeXT workstations were first released in 1990 and priced at {{USD|9,999|1990|long=no|about=yes|round=-3}}. Like the [[Apple Lisa]], the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced and designed for the education sector but was largely dismissed as cost prohibitive.<ref>Rose, F. (April 23, 2009). {{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/08/the-end-of-inno/ |title=The End of Innocence at Apple: What Happened After Steve Jobs was Fired |last=Rose |first=Frank |date=August 24, 2011 |magazine=Wired |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008173249/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/08/the-end-of-inno |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=March 11, 2017 }}. ''Wired''.</ref> The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its [[object-oriented]] software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the [[Mach kernel]], the [[digital signal processor]] chip, and the built-in [[Ethernet]] port. Making use of a NeXT computer, English computer scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee]] invented the [[World Wide Web]] in 1990 at [[CERN]] in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://info.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome to info.cern.ch: The website of the world's first-ever web server |year=2008 |publisher=CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117153723/http://info.cern.ch/ |archive-date=January 17, 2010 |access-date=November 1, 2011 }}</ref>

The revised, second generation [[NeXTcube]] was released in 1990. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative [[NeXTMail]] multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.<ref>''Computimes''. (May 31, 1990). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YK5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4008%2C4314860 Interpersonal computing{{spaced ndash}}the third revolution?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429021747/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YK5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4008,4314860|date=April 29, 2016}}. ''New Straits Times''. (230), 20; Schlender, B. R., Alpert, M. (February 12, 1990). {{Cite news |last=Schlender |first=Brenton R. |date=February 12, 1990 |title=Who's ahead in the computer wars |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1990/02/12/73067/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129082428/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1990/02/12/73067/index.htm |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |work=CNN}}. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''.</ref> Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.<ref>Stross, R. E. (1993). ''Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing''. Atheneum. {{ISBN|978-0-689-12135-7}}. pp. 117, 120, 246.</ref> This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of [[NeXTSTEP]]/[[Intel]].<ref name="OGrady">O'Grady, J. (2008). ''Apple Inc.'' Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|978-0-313-36244-6}}.{{Pages needed|date=April 2017}}</ref> The company reported its first yearly profit of $1.03&nbsp;million in 1994.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=213}} In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released [[WebObjects]], a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,<ref name="OGrady" /> [[MobileMe]] services, and the iTunes Store.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a11177/steve-jobs-esquire-interview-0703/|title=Is Steve Jobs the God of Music?|last=Langer|first=Andy|date=September 10, 2014|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>

===Pixar and Disney===
In 1986, Jobs funded the spinout of The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from [[Lucasfilm]]'s computer graphics division for the price of $10&nbsp;million, $5&nbsp;million of which was given to the company as capital and $5&nbsp;million of which was paid to Lucasfilm for technology rights.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://alvyray.com/pixar/default.htm |title=Pixar Founding Documents |last=Smith |first=Alvy Ray |author-link=Alvy Ray Smith |website=Alvy Ray Smith Homepage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427012806/http://alvyray.com/Pixar/default.htm |archive-date=April 27, 2005 |access-date=January 11, 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:A Bug's Life crew in Oval Office 1998.jpg|thumb|Jobs and his [[Pixar]] team visited the [[Oval Office]] in 1998.]]
The first film produced by Pixar with its [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] partnership, ''[[Toy Story]]'' (1995), with Jobs credited as executive producer,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-24-fi-60492-story.html | title=Steve Jobs to Get Executive Producer Credit on Disney Animated Film | last=Bates | first=James | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=October 24, 1995 | access-date=September 28, 2022 | archive-date=September 28, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928114156/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-24-fi-60492-story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> brought financial success and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the course of Jobs's life, under Pixar's creative chief [[John Lasseter]], the company produced box-office hits ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (1998), ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' (1999), ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' (2001), ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' (2003), ''[[The Incredibles]]'' (2004), ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' (2006), ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' (2007), ''[[WALL-E]]'' (2008), ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'' (2009), ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' (2010), and ''[[Cars 2]]'' (2011). ''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]'' (2012), Pixar's first film to be produced since Jobs's death, honored him with a tribute for his contributions to the studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixar-brave-steve-jobs-tribute-329832|title=Pixar's 'Brave' Honors Steve Jobs|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 25, 2012|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214011411/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixar-brave-steve-jobs-tribute-329832|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Finding Nemo'', ''The Incredibles'', ''Ratatouille'', ''WALL-E'', ''Up'', ''Toy Story 3'', and ''Brave'' each received the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]], an award introduced in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2012/02/05/steve-jobs-bio-reveals-how-michael-eisner-actively-tried-to-derail-disney-s-acquisition-of-pixar.aspx |title=Steve Jobs bio reveals how Michael Eisner actively tried to derail Disney's 2006 acquisition of Pixar |last=Hill, Jim |date=February 5, 2012 |publisher=Jim Hill Media |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627083419/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2012/02/05/steve-jobs-bio-reveals-how-michael-eisner-actively-tried-to-derail-disney-s-acquisition-of-pixar.aspx |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McClintock |first1=Pamela |title=Oscars 2013: Brenda Chapman's 'Brave' Win a Vindication After Being Fired From the Project |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-brave-win-a-423951 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=February 24, 2013 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420000831/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-brave-win-a-423951 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive [[Michael Eisner]] tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,<ref>Wolff, Michael, {{Cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2006/04/wolff200604?currentPage=all |title=iPod, Therefore I am |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=October 10, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328111011/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2006/04/wolff200604?currentPage=all |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}, ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', April 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2010.</ref> and in January 2004, Jobs announced that he would never deal with Disney again.{{r|iger20190918}}

In October 2005, [[Bob Iger]] replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to mend relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4&nbsp;billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.<ref name="DisneyBuysPixar">January 25, 2006 {{Cite web |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/25disney.htm |title=Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn |work=Rediff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012018/http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/25disney.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2013}}, rediff.com</ref> Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member [[Roy E. Disney]], who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner—especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar—accelerated Eisner's ousting. Upon completion of the merger, Jobs received 7% of Disney shares, and joined the board of directors as the largest individual shareholder.<ref name="DisneyBuysPixar" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/bios/steve_jobs.html|title=The Walt Disney Company – Steve Jobs Biography|access-date=June 22, 2008|archive-date=April 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426205336/http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/bios/steve_jobs.html|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite news|access-date=January 17, 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/business/25disney.html|title=Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4&nbsp;Billion Deal|work=The New York Times|first=Laura M.|last=Holson|date=January 25, 2006|archive-date=October 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009001039/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/business/25disney.html|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite news|access-date=January 17, 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/06/business/media/06pixar.html|title=Pixar Becomes Unit of Disney|work=The New York Times|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=May 6, 2006|archive-date=April 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423133903/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/06/business/media/06pixar.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.splashnology.com/article/steve-jobs-1955-%E2%80%93-2011/2961/ |title=Steve Jobs, 1955–2011 |date=October 6, 2011 |publisher=Splashnogly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423053407/http://www.splashnology.com/article/steve-jobs-1955-%E2%80%93-2011/2961/ |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=January 15, 2012 }}</ref> Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by [[Laurene Jobs]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-23/steven-jobs-trust-reports-holding-7-7-stake-in-walt-disney-1-.html |title=Jobs's 7.7% Disney Stake Transfers to Trust Led by Widow Laurene |work=Bloomberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023716/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-23/steven-jobs-trust-reports-holding-7-7-stake-in-walt-disney-1-.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref>

After Jobs's death, Iger recalled in 2019 that many warned him about Jobs, "that he would bully me and everyone else". Iger wrote, "Who wouldn't want Steve Jobs to have influence over how a company is run?", and that as an active Disney board member "he rarely created trouble for me. Not never but rarely." He speculated that they would have seriously considered merging Disney and Apple had Jobs lived.{{r|iger20190918}} [[Floyd Norman]], of Pixar, described Jobs as a "mature, mellow individual" who never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/floyd_norman/archive/2009/01/19/steve-jobs-a-tough-act-to-follow.aspx |title=Steve Jobs: A Tough Act to Follow |last=Norman |first=Floyd |date=January 19, 2009 |access-date=January 19, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508103204/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/floyd_norman/archive/2009/01/19/steve-jobs-a-tough-act-to-follow.aspx |archive-date=May 8, 2010 |publisher=Jim Hill Media |author-link=Floyd Norman}}</ref> In early June 2014, Pixar cofounder and [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] President [[Edwin Catmull]] revealed that Jobs once advised him to "just explain it to them until they understand" in disagreements. Catmull released the book ''[[Creativity, Inc.]]'' in 2014, in which he recounts numerous experiences of working with Jobs. Regarding his own manner of dealing with Jobs, Catmull writes:<ref name="ventures"/>

{{blockquote|In all the 26 years with Steve, Steve and I never had one of these loud verbal arguments, and it's not my nature to do that. ... but we did disagree fairly frequently about things. ... I would say something to him and he would immediately shoot it down because he could think faster than I could. ... I would then wait a week ... I'd call him up, and I give my counterargument to what he had said, and he'd immediately shoot it down. So I had to wait another week, and occasionally this went on for months. But ultimately one of three things happened. About a third of the time he said, "Oh, I get it, you're right", and that was the end of it. And it was another third of the time in which [I'd] say, "Actually I think he is right". The other third of the time, where we didn't reach consensus, he just let me do it my way, never said anything more about it.<ref name="ventures">{{Cite web |url=https://www.inc.com/julie-bort/steve-jobs-taught-this-man-how-to-win-arguments-with-really-stubborn-people.html |title=Steve Jobs Taught This Man How To Win Arguments With Really Stubborn People |first=Julie |last=Bort |date=June 5, 2014 |website=Inc. |publisher=Monsueto Ventures |access-date=June 8, 2014 |archive-date=June 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608002440/http://www.inc.com/julie-bort/steve-jobs-taught-this-man-how-to-win-arguments-with-really-stubborn-people.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==1997–2011==
===Return to Apple===
{{See also|Apple Inc.#1997–2007: Return to profitability}}
[[File:Stevejobs Macworld2005.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Full-length portrait of a middle-aged man, wearing jeans and a black turtleneck shirt, standing in front of a dark curtain with a white Apple logo|Jobs presented at [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] in 2005]]
In 1996, Jobs's former company Apple was struggling and its survival depended on completing its next operating system. After failed negotiations to purchase [[Be Inc.]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=WIRED Staff |title=Apple Buyout of Be Appears Unlikely |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/1996/12/apple-buyout-of-be-appears-unlikely/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105035855/https://www.wired.com/1996/12/apple-buyout-of-be-appears-unlikely/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Software Deal Turns Up Heat On Apple {{!}} The Spokesman-Review |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1996/nov/27/software-deal-turns-up-heat-on-apple/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=www.spokesman.com |date=November 27, 1996 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105035854/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1996/nov/27/software-deal-turns-up-heat-on-apple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple eventually came to a deal with NeXT in December<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=December 23, 1996 |title=Why Apple Sees Next as a Match Made in Heaven |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/23/business/why-apple-sees-next-as-a-match-made-in-heaven.html |access-date=November 5, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105035855/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/23/business/why-apple-sees-next-as-a-match-made-in-heaven.html |url-status=live }}</ref> for $400 million; the deal was finalized in February 1997, bringing Jobs back to the company he had cofounded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawamoto |first=Dawn |date=December 20, 1996 |title=Apple acquires Next, Jobs |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-acquires-next-jobs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606093742/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-acquires-next-jobs/ |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> Jobs became ''de facto'' chief after then-CEO [[Gil Amelio]] was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive on September 16.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797apple.html |title=Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief |date=September 17, 1997 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 27, 2011 |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174448/http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797apple.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated several projects, such as [[Newton (platform)|Newton]], [[Cyberdog]], and [[OpenDoc]]. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.salon.com/tech/books/2000/10/11/jobs_excerpt/index2.html |title=The once and future Steve Jobs |date=October 11, 2000 |work=Salon.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051238/http://archive.salon.com/tech/books/2000/10/11/jobs_excerpt/index2.html |archive-date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> Jobs changed the licensing program for [[Macintosh clones]], making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably [[NeXTSTEP]], which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/2000-01-06/business/17635644_1_mac-os-itools-apple-servers |title=MacWorld Expo/Permanent Jobs/Apple CEO finally drops 'interim' from title |last=Norr |first=Henry |date=January 6, 2000 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=June 27, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102181558/http://articles.sfgate.com/2000-01-06/business/17635644_1_mac-os-itools-apple-servers |archive-date=November 2, 2011}}</ref> Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/01/05/macworld.keynote/index.html |title=Jobs announces new MacOS, becomes 'iCEO' |date=January 5, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820231820/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/01/05/macworld.keynote/index.html |archive-date=August 20, 2013 |work=CNN}}</ref>

The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a [[multi-touch]] display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While nurturing open-ended innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqZQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA312 |title=Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything |last=Levy |first=Steven |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-14-023237-0 |page=312 |author-link=Steven Levy |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820022749/https://books.google.com/books?id=xqZQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA312 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jobs had a public war of words with [[Dell, Inc.|Dell Computer]] CEO [[Michael Dell]], starting in 1987, when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-9940589-60.html |title=If Apple can go home again, why not Dell? |work=CNET |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826215925/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-9940589-60.html |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2009}} CNET News. May 19, 2008.</ref> On October 6, 1997, at a [[Gartner]] Symposium, when Dell was asked what he would do if he ran the then-troubled Apple Computer company, he said: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news.com/Dell-Apple-should-close-shop/2100-1001_3-203937.html |title=Dell: Apple should close shop |website=[[CNET]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517153618/http://www.news.com/Dell-Apple-should-close-shop/2100-1001_3-203937.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008}}</ref> Then, in 2006, Jobs emailed all employees when Apple's [[market capitalization]] rose above Dell's. It read:

{{blockquote|Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/technology/16apple.html |title=Michael Dell Should Eat His Words, Apple Chief Suggests |last=Markoff |first=John |date=January 16, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 24, 2010 |author-link=John Markoff |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/technology/16apple.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "[[reality distortion field]]" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "[[Stevenote]]s") at [[Macworld Conference & Expo|Macworld Expos]] and at [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference]]s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=May 28, 2014 |title=11 Presentation Lessons You Can Still Learn From Steve Jobs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/10/04/11-presentation-lessons-you-can-still-learn-from-steve-jobs/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=June 16, 2014 |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605113729/http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/10/04/11-presentation-lessons-you-can-still-learn-from-steve-jobs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jobs usually went to work wearing a black long-sleeved [[mock turtleneck]] made by [[Issey Miyake]], [[Levi's]] 501 blue jeans, and [[New Balance]] 991 sneakers.<ref name="latimes turtleneck">{{Cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-explains-black-turtleneck-in-biography.html |title=Steve Jobs' black turtleneck reportedly explained in biography |date=October 11, 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 14, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028073808/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-explains-black-turtleneck-in-biography.html |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/pcs/wear-the-exact-outfit-of-steve-jobs-for-458-157402.php |title=Wear the Exact Outfit of Steve Jobs for $458 |date=February 28, 2006 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100122/http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/pcs/wear-the-exact-outfit-of-steve-jobs-for-458-157402.php |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> Jobs told his biographer Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style".<ref name="latimes turtleneck" />

[[File:Steve Jobs and Bill Gates (522695099).jpg|thumb|alt=Two middle-aged men shown full length, sitting in red leather chairs and smiling at each other|Jobs and [[Bill Gates]] were a panel at the fifth {{nowrap|''D: All Things Digital''}} conference in 2007.]]
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5&nbsp;million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been [[backdating|backdated]], and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=e23e0409-6b23-4176-83b6-b42012dd79fd&k=88694 |title=New questions raised about Steve Jobs's role in Apple stock options scandal |date=December 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509071812/http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=e23e0409-6b23-4176-83b6-b42012dd79fd&k=88694 |archive-date=May 9, 2007}}</ref> though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800077 |title=Apple restates, acknowledges faked documents |date=December 29, 2006 |work=[[EE Times]] |access-date=January 1, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521222121/http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800077 |archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>

In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for [[e-waste]] in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's annual meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The [[Computer recycling#Takeback|Computer TakeBack Campaign]] responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= |first= |date=2005-06-13 |title=Live, Jobs Tells Stanford Grads |url=https://www.wired.com/2005/06/live-jobs-tells-stanford-grads/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
[[File:Steve Jobs WWDC07.jpg|thumb|Jobs speaking at the [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference]] in 2007]]
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1952356,00.asp |title=Apple Improves Recycling Plan |date=April 21, 2006 |work=[[PC Magazine]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020063840/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C1895%2C1952356%2C00.asp |archive-date=October 20, 2008}}</ref> The success of Apple's unique products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, propelling Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/apple-most-valuable-company/ |title=Apple Is the Most Valuable Company |last=Bilton |first=Nick |date=August 9, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 24, 2012 |archive-date=February 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225221243/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/apple-most-valuable-company/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jobs was perceived as a demanding perfectionist<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2011/s3334132.htm |title=7.30 |publisher=ABCnet.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008233713/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2011/s3334132.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=November 12, 2011 |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3334178.htm |title=''Lateline'': "Visionary Steve Jobs succumbs to cancer" |date=October 6, 2011 |publisher=ABCnet.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008190715/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3334178.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=November 12, 2011 }}</ref> who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting innovation and style trends. He summed up this self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo#2007|Macworld Conference and Expo]] in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player [[Wayne Gretzky]]:

{{blockquote|There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been". And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very, very beginning. And we always will.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote |title=Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote |year=2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626173941/http://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |access-date=April 19, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>}}

On July 1, 2008, a {{USD|7 billion|long=no}} class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple board of directors for revenue lost because of alleged securities fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailytech.com/Group+Wants+7B+USD+From+Apple+Steve+Jobs+Executives+Over+Securities+Fraud+/article12258.htm |title=Group Wants $7B USD From Apple, Steve Jobs, Executives Over Securities Fraud |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201113415/http://www.dailytech.com/Group+Wants+7B+USD+From+Apple+Steve+Jobs+Executives+Over+Securities+Fraud+/article12258.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2012 |access-date=July 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/legal/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=208802018 |title=Apple, Steve Jobs, Executives, Board, Sued For Securities Fraud |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519090826/http://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/legal/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=208802018 |archive-date=May 19, 2009 }}</ref> In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed that he had met with US President [[Barack Obama]], complained about the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency".<ref name="obama" /> Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a US university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done{{Nbsp}}... It infuriates me".<ref name="obama">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/11/01/BUHP1LOI3O.DTL |title=Steve Jobs bio sheds light on Obama relationship |first=Andrew S. |last=Ross |date=November 1, 2011 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104073135/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F11%2F01%2FBUHP1LOI3O.DTL |archive-date=November 4, 2011 }}</ref>

==Health problems==
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with [[cancer]]. In mid 2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his [[pancreas]].<ref name="Evangelista-2004" /> The prognosis for [[pancreatic cancer]] is very poor;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/10/steve-jobs-and-the-celebrity-diagnosis-complete-guide-to-pancreatic-cancers/ |title=Steve Jobs and the Celebrity Diagnosis Complete Guide to Tumors of the Pancreas |publisher=Celebrity Diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626212907/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/10/steve-jobs-and-the-celebrity-diagnosis-complete-guide-to-pancreatic-cancers/ |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |access-date=November 12, 2011 |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref> however, Jobs stated that he had a rare, less aggressive type, known as [[Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor|islet cell neuroendocrine tumor]].<ref name="Evangelista-2004">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/02/MNGMJ816F41.DTL |title=Apple's Jobs has cancerous tumor removed |last=Evangelista |first=Benny |date=August 2, 2004 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=August 9, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818215442/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F08%2F02%2FMNGMJ816F41.DTL |archive-date=August 18, 2006 |page=A1 }}</ref>

Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for medical intervention for nine months,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm |title=The trouble with Steve Jobs |last=Elkind |first=Peter |date=March 5, 2008 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=March 5, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421165823/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2010 }}</ref> in favor of [[alternative medicine]]. Other doctors agree that Jobs's diet was insufficient to address his disease. However, cancer researcher and alternative medicine critic [[David Gorski]] wrote that "it's impossible to know whether and by how much he might have decreased his chances of surviving his cancer through his flirtation with woo. My best guess was that Jobs probably only modestly decreased his chances of survival, if that."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/HematologyOncology/OtherCancers/30421 |title=Jobs Leaves Lessons for Cancer Care |last=Fiore |first=Kristina |date=December 28, 2012 |work=MedPage Today |access-date=July 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410025609/http://www.medpagetoday.com/HematologyOncology/OtherCancers/30421 |archive-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/one-more-thing/ |title="And one more thing" about Steve Jobs' battle with cancer |last=Gorski |first=David |date=October 31, 2011 |work=Science-Based Medicine |access-date=October 9, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511020931/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/one-more-thing/ |archive-date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> [[Barrie R. Cassileth]], the chief of [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]]'s [[integrative medicine]] department,<ref>[http://www.mskcc.org/prg/prg/bios/525.cfm Physician Biography] for [[Barrie R. Cassileth]]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113140753/http://www.mskcc.org/prg/prg/bios/525.cfm |date=November 13, 2011 }}</ref> on the other hand, said, "Jobs's faith in alternative medicine likely cost him his life&nbsp;... He had the only kind of pancreatic cancer that is treatable and curable&nbsp;... He essentially committed suicide."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/18/book-raises-alarms-about-alternative-medicine/2429385/ |title=Book raises alarms about alternative medicine |first=Liz |last=Szabo |date=June 18, 2013 |work=USA Today |access-date=June 19, 2013 |archive-date=June 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618204646/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/18/book-raises-alarms-about-alternative-medicine/2429385/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to biographer Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Ned |date=October 20, 2011 |title=Steve Jobs Regretted Delaying Cancer Surgery 9 Months, Biographer Says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/steve-jobs-treatment-biographer-jobs-delayed-surgery-pancreatic/story?id=14781250 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410015342/http://abcnews.go.com/story?id=14781250 |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He was also influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Metz |first1=Rachel |last2=Ortutay |first2=Barbara |last3=Robertson |first3=Jordan |last4=Writers |first4=AP Technology |title=Jobs questioned authority all his life, book says (Update) |url=https://phys.org/news/2011-10-biography-steve-jobs-life.html |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023203618/https://phys.org/news/2011-10-biography-steve-jobs-life.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Steve Jobs chose herbal medicine, delayed cancer surgery |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/steve-jobs-chose-herbal-medicine-delayed-cancer-surgery-1.1124855 |access-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023203618/https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/steve-jobs-chose-herbal-medicine-delayed-cancer-surgery-1.1124855 |url-status=live }}</ref> He underwent a [[pancreaticoduodenectomy]] (or "Whipple procedure") that appeared to remove the tumor successfully.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/pancreatic-cancer/treatment.html |title=Pancreatic Cancer Treatment |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119112514/http://www.mayoclinic.org/pancreatic-cancer/treatment.html |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/technology/23apple.html |title=Talk of Chief's Health Weighs on Apple's Share Price |last=Markoff |first=John |date=July 23, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]] |author-link=John Markoff |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318112140/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/technology/23apple.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs did not receive [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]].<ref name="Evangelista-2004" /><ref name="Elmer">{{Cite web |url=http://apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/06/13/steve-jobs-life-after-the-whipple |title=Steve Jobs and Whipple |last=Elmer |first=Philip |date=June 13, 2008 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611174254/http://apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/06/13/steve-jobs-life-after-the-whipple/ |archive-date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> During Jobs's absence, [[Tim Cook]], head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.<ref name="Evangelista-2004" />

In January 2006, only Jobs's wife, his doctors, and [[Bob Iger|Iger]] knew that his cancer had returned. Jobs told Iger privately that he hoped to live to see his own son Reed's high school graduation in 2010.<ref name="iger20190918">{{Cite magazine |last=Iger |first=Robert |date=September 18, 2019 |title='We Could Say Anything to Each Other': Bob Iger Remembers Steve Jobs |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/09/bob-iger-remembers-steve-jobs?te=1&nl=dealbook&emc=edit_dk_20190919?campaign_id=4&instance_id=12489&segment_id=17151&user_id=337d393aaa73fc32d3fe2afbe5b1047d&regi_id=1317820190919 |magazine=Vanity Fair |access-date=February 7, 2022 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310044712/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/09/bob-iger-remembers-steve-jobs?te=1&nl=dealbook&emc=edit_dk_20190919%3Fcampaign_id%3D4&instance_id=12489&segment_id=17151&user_id=337d393aaa73fc32d3fe2afbe5b1047d&regi_id=1317820190919 |url-status=live }}</ref> In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2006/08/71557 |title=Has Steve Jobs Lost His Magic? |last=Kahney |first=Leander |date=August 8, 2006 |department=Cult of Mac |access-date=August 8, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112103328/http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2006/08/71557 |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |work=Wired News |quote=Looking very thin, almost gaunt, Jobs used the 90-minute presentation to introduce a new desktop Mac and preview the next version of Apple's operating system, code-named Leopard. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-6103427-7.html |title=Jobs speech wasn't very Jobs-like |last=Meyers |first=Michelle |work=BLOGMA |access-date=August 8, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225122659/http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-6103427-7.html |archive-date=December 25, 2007 |publisher=[[CNET|CNET News.com]] |quote=[The audience was] uninspired (and concerned) by Jobs's relatively listless delivery}}</ref> together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about the state of his health.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/09/BUGTEKDE6M1.DTL |title=Where's Jobs' Mojo? |last=Saracevic |first=Al |date=August 9, 2006 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=August 9, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128025340/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F08%2F09%2FBUGTEKDE6M1.DTL |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |page=C1}}</ref> In contrast, according to an ''[[Ars Technica]]'' journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/8/8/4913 |title=What happened to The Steve we know and love? |last=Cheng |first=Jacqui |website=Ars Technica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122231129/http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/8/8/4913 |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2006 |date=August 8, 2006 }}</ref> Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2006/08/steve_jobs_live.html |title=Steve Jobs Lives! |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |date=August 11, 2006 |work=[[InformationWeek]] |access-date=October 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124181841/http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2006/08/steve_jobs_live.html |archive-date=January 24, 2012 }}</ref>

Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/biztech/2008/06/10/steve-jobss-appearance-grabs-notice-not-just-the-iphone |title=Business Technology: Steve Jobs's Appearance Grabs Notice, Not Just the IPhone |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 19, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426005729/https://blogs.wsj.com/biztech/2008/06/10/steve-jobss-appearance-grabs-notice-not-just-the-iphone/ |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> Apple officials stated that Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/06/10/apple_says_steve_jobs_feeling_a_little_under_the_weather_recently.html |title=Apple says Steve Jobs feeling a little under the weather |date=June 10, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410024151/http://appleinsider.com/articles/08/06/10/apple_says_steve_jobs_feeling_a_little_under_the_weather_recently.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014}} in ''[[AppleInsider]].''</ref> while others surmised his [[cachexia|cachectic appearance]] was due to the Whipple procedure.<ref name="Elmer" /> During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others said that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/07/24/brand-advisory.aspx |title=Steve Jobs and Apple |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023057/http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/07/24/brand-advisory.aspx |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }} Marketing Doctor Blog. July 24, 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/Blogs/24484 |title=Steve Jobs Did Not Have 'Pancreatic Cancer' |publisher=Medpagetoday.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184750/http://www.medpagetoday.com/Blogs/24484 |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |access-date=November 12, 2011 |date=January 24, 2011 }}</ref> Based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported, "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/business/26nocera.html |title=Apple's Culture of Secrecy |first=Joe |last=Nocera |date=July 26, 2008 |work=The New York Times |quote=While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug,' they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer. |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305121723/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/business/26nocera.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 28, 2008, [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] mistakenly published a 2500-word [[obituary]] of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death. Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,<ref>{{citation |last=Tate |first=Ryan |date=August 27, 2008 |title=Steve Jobs's Obituary, As Run By Bloomberg |url=https://www.gawker.com/5042795/steve-jobss-obituary-as-run-by-bloomberg |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=[[Gawker]] |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119061256/https://www.gawker.com/5042795/steve-jobss-obituary-as-run-by-bloomberg |url-status=dead }}</ref> intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=9825 |title=Bloomberg publishes Jobs obit but why? |date=August 28, 2008 |website=Zdnet Blogs |publisher=[[ZDnet]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831061122/http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=9825 |archive-date=August 31, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2008 }}</ref> Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 ''Let's Rock'' keynote by paraphrasing [[Mark Twain]]: "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/quotes/twain.asp |title=And Never The Twain Shall Tweet |last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=September 26, 2007 |website=[[Snopes.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108063151/http://www.snopes.com/quotes/twain.asp |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |access-date=November 2, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/135466/2008/09/september.html |title=Apple posts 'Lets Rock' event video |date=September 10, 2008 |website=Macworld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105232227/http://www.macworld.com/article/135466/2008/09/september.html |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |access-date=September 11, 2008 }}</ref> At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his [[blood pressure]], stating he would not address further questions about his health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/10/14/live-from-apples-spotlight-turns-to-notebooks-event |title=Live from Apple's "spotlight turns to notebooks" event |date=October 14, 2008 |publisher=[[Engadget]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416025854/http://www.engadget.com/2008/10/14/live-from-apples-spotlight-turns-to-notebooks-event |archive-date=April 16, 2012 |access-date=October 14, 2008 }}</ref>

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president [[Philip W. Schiller|Phil Schiller]] would deliver the company's final keynote address at the [[Macworld Conference and Expo]] 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/technology/companies/17apple.html |title=Apple's Chief to Skip Macworld, Fueling Speculation |last=Stone |first=Brad |date=December 17, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 24, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206123447/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/technology/companies/17apple.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5120687/steve-jobs-health-declining-rapidly-reason-for-macworld-cancellation |title=Steve Jobs' Health Declining Rapidly, Reason for Macworld Cancellation |date=December 30, 2008 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121534/http://gizmodo.com/5120687/steve-jobs-health-declining-rapidly-reason-for-macworld-cancellation |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on [[Apple.com]], Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "[[hormone imbalance]]" for several months.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7811857.stm |title=Apple's Jobs admits poor health |date=January 5, 2009 |work=BBC News |access-date=January 5, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825135148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7811857.stm |archive-date=August 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Letter from Apple CEO Steve Jobs |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2009/01/05Letter-from-Apple-CEO-Steve-Jobs/ |last1=Jobs |first1=Steve |access-date=2 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623060405/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/05sjletter.html |archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref>

On January 14, 2009, Jobs wrote in an internal Apple memo that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought".<ref name="absence">{{Cite press release |title=Apple Media Advisory |date=January 14, 2009 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2009/01/14Apple-Media-Advisory/ |access-date=December 2, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521105449/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14advisory.html |archive-date=May 21, 2011}}</ref> He announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions".<ref name="absence" />

In 2009, Tim Cook offered a portion of his [[liver]] to Jobs, since both share a rare blood type, and the donor liver can regenerate tissue after such an operation. Jobs yelled, "I'll never let you do that. I'll never do that."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/03/13/tim_cook_tried_to_foist_his_liver_on_steve_jobs/ |title=I BEG YOU, mighty Jobs, TAKE MY LIVER, Cook told Apple's dying co-founder |date=March 13, 2015 |website=[[The Register]] |access-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816154815/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/03/13/tim_cook_tried_to_foist_his_liver_on_steve_jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2009, Jobs underwent a [[liver transplantation]] at [[Methodist University Hospital]] Transplant Institute in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].<ref name="cnntrans" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2009/06/steve-jobs-liver-transplant-performed-at-memphis-hospital-was-sickest-patient-on-waiting-list/ |title=Liver Transplant in Memphis: Jobs' was Sickest Patient on Waiting List |date=June 24, 2009 |publisher=Celebrity Diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626230257/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2009/06/steve-jobs-liver-transplant-performed-at-memphis-hospital-was-sickest-patient-on-waiting-list/ |archive-date=June 26, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/business/23liver.html |title=A Transplant That Is Raising Many Questions |last1=Grady |first1=Denise |date=June 22, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Meier |first2=Barry |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422144517/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/business/23liver.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".<ref name="cnntrans">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/06/23/steve.jobs.liver.transplant/index.html |title=Steve Jobs recovering after liver transplant |date=June 23, 2009 |access-date=April 19, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331181334/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/06/23/steve.jobs.liver.transplant/index.html |archive-date=March 31, 2014 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

===Resignation===
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned to work following the liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted another leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As it did at the time of his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/technology/18apple.html |title=Apple Says Steve Jobs Will Take a New Medical Leave |last=Helft |first=Miguel |date=January 17, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318130535/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/technology/18apple.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/01/17/steve_jobs_to_take_medical_leave_of_absence_but_remain_apple_ceo.html |title=Steve Jobs to take medical leave of absence but remain Apple CEO |date=January 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124100159/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/01/17/steve_jobs_to_take_medical_leave_of_absence_but_remain_apple_ceo.html |archive-date=January 24, 2012 }}</ref> While on leave, Jobs appeared at the [[iPad 2]] launch event on March 2, the [[WWDC]] keynote introducing [[iCloud]] on June 6, and before the Cupertino City Council on June 7.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/06/cupertino-jobs-ufo-building/ |title=Video: Jobs Pitches New 'Mothership' to Approving Cupertino City Council |last=Abell |first=John |date=June 8, 2011 |magazine=Wired |access-date=June 9, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122458/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/06/cupertino-jobs-ufo-building |archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>

On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."<ref>[https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs/ Letter from Steve Jobs To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community] (resignation letter August 24, 2011) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182812/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html|date=April 14, 2012}}</ref> Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook as his successor as CEO.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Apple Resignation Letter |publisher=Apple Inc. |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html |access-date=August 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182812/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Steve Jobs Resigns as CEO of Apple |date=August 24, 2011 |publisher=Apple Inc. |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Steve-Jobs-Resigns-as-CEO-of-Apple.html |access-date=August 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182910/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Steve-Jobs-Resigns-as-CEO-of-Apple.html |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs continued to work for Apple until the day before his death six weeks later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5851475/steve-jobs-worked-the-day-before-he-died |title=Steve Jobs Worked the Day Before He Died |last=Biddle, Sam |date=October 19, 2011 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615134508/http://gizmodo.com/5851475/steve-jobs-worked-the-day-before-he-died |archive-date=June 15, 2012 |access-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-idUSTRE77N82K20110824 |title=Steve Jobs Quits |last=Gupta |first=Poornima |date=August 18, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201021212/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/us-apple-idUSTRE77N82K20110824 |archive-date=February 1, 2012 |work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/24/steve-jobs-resigns-from-apple |title=Steve Jobs Resigns As CEO of Apple |last=Siegler, M.G. |website=TechCrunch |date=August 24, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824235408/http://techcrunch.com/2011/08/24/steve-jobs-resigns-from-apple/ |archive-date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2011 }}</ref>

{{Anchor|Illness and death}}

===Death===
[[File:Apple flags half-mast.jpg|thumb|upright|Flags flew at [[half-staff]] outside the [[Apple Infinite Loop campus]] on the evening of Jobs's death.]]
Jobs died at his home in [[Palo Alto, California]] on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a [[relapse]] of his previously treated islet-cell [[pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]],<ref name="NYT obit" /><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Rare Pancreatic Cancer Caused Steve Jobs' Death |date=October 7, 2011 |publisher=Voice of America |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/rare-pancreatic-cancer-caused-steve-jobs-death--131317684/146265.html |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162555/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Rare-Pancreatic-Cancer-Caused-Steve-Jobs-Death--131317684.html |archive-date=January 24, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies |title=Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56 |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |date=October 6, 2011 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619055912/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies |archive-date=June 19, 2013 |location=UK}}</ref> which resulted in [[respiratory arrest]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-10/jobs-died-at-home-of-respiratory-arrest-tied-to-cancer-1-.html |title=Steve Jobs Died at Home of Respiratory Arrest Related to Pancreatic Cancer |last=Gullo |first=Karen |date=October 10, 2011 |work=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=February 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230064410/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-10/jobs-died-at-home-of-respiratory-arrest-tied-to-cancer-1-.html |archive-date=December 30, 2011 }}</ref> He had lost consciousness the day before and died with his wife, children, and sisters at his side.<ref name="eulogy" /> His sister, [[Mona Simpson]], described his death thus: "Steve's final words, hours earlier, were monosyllables, repeated three times. Before embarking, he'd looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them. Steve's final words were: 'Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow.' " He then lost consciousness and died several hours later.<ref name="eulogy">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/mona-simpsons-eulogy-for-steve-jobs.html |title=A Sister's Eulogy for Steve Jobs |last=Simpson |first=Mona |date=October 30, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 30, 2011 |author-link=Mona Simpson |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/mona-simpsons-eulogy-for-steve-jobs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, the details of which, out of respect for Jobs's family, were not made public.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203388804576617200082218020 |title=Steve Jobs Funeral Is Friday |first1=Ian |last1=Sherr |date=October 7, 2011 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813050332/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576617200082218020.html |archive-date=August 13, 2013 |first2=Geoffrey A. |last2=Fowler}}</ref>

Both [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Statement by Apple's Board of Directors |date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=Apple Inc. |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/10/05Statement-by-Apples-Board-of-Directors/ |last=Cook |first=Tim |access-date=December 2, 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428081449/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/05Statement-by-Apples-Board-of-Directors.html |archive-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref> and [[Pixar]] issued announcements of his death.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pixar.com/stevejobs.html |title=Pixar Animation Studios |publisher=Pixar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608020423/http://www.pixar.com/stevejobs.html |archive-date=June 8, 2012 |access-date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/stevejobs |title=Remembering Steve Jobs |publisher=Apple Inc. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616034401/http://www.apple.com/stevejobs/ |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=October 10, 2011 }}</ref> Apple and [[Microsoft]] both flew their flags at [[half-staff]] throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.fox23.com/news/local/story/Apple-flies-flags-at-half-staff-for-Steve-Jobs/9F9t6Xb5z0iPKxHtnEzEuA.cspx |title=Apple flies flags at half staff for Steve Jobs |date=October 6, 2011 |work=[[KOKI-TV]] |access-date=October 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813105321/http://www.fox23.com/news/local/story/Apple-flies-flags-at-half-staff-for-Steve-Jobs/9F9t6Xb5z0iPKxHtnEzEuA.cspx |archive-date=August 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/microsoft-flies-flags-half-staff-in-tribute-to-jobs |title=Microsoft lowers flags to half staff in tribute to Steve Jobs |date=October 6, 2011 |work=[[Network World]] |access-date=October 29, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109013115/http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/microsoft-flies-flags-half-staff-in-tribute-to-jobs |archive-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref>

[[Bob Iger]] ordered all [[Disney]] properties, including [[Walt Disney World]] and [[Disneyland]], to fly their flags at half-staff from October 6 to 12, 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.baynews9.com/article/news/2011/october/325041/Disney-World-flags-at-halfstaff-in-memory-of-Steve-Jobs |title=Disney World flags at half-staff in memory of Steve Jobs |date=October 6, 2011 |work=[[Bay News 9]] |access-date=October 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213172342/http://www.baynews9.com/article/news/2011/october/325041/Disney-World-flags-at-halfstaff-in-memory-of-Steve-Jobs |archive-date=December 13, 2011}}</ref> For two weeks following his death, Apple displayed on its corporate website a simple page that showed Jobs's name and lifespan next to his portrait in grayscale.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/technology/1110/gallery.steve_jobs_homepage_tributes/index.html |title=Steve Jobs: The homepage tributes |last=Pepitone |first=Julianne |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=January 10, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609225235/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/technology/1110/gallery.steve_jobs_homepage_tributes/index.html |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Apple-website-pays-tribute-to-Steve-Jobs/articleshow/10251979.cms |title=Apple website pays tribute to Steve Jobs |date=October 5, 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403102753/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Apple-website-pays-tribute-to-Steve-Jobs/articleshow/10251979.cms |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |location=India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/stevejobs |title=Remembering Steve Jobs |publisher=Apple Inc. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616034401/http://www.apple.com/stevejobs/ |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref> On October 19, 2011, Apple employees held a private memorial service for Jobs on the Apple campus in Cupertino. It was attended by Jobs's widow, Laurene, and by Tim Cook, [[William Campbell (business executive)|Bill Campbell]], [[Norah Jones]], [[Al Gore]], and [[Coldplay]]. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service was uploaded to Apple's website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://events.apple.com.edgesuite.net/10oiuhfvojb23/event/index.html |title=A Celebration of Steve's Life |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229060335/http://events.apple.com.edgesuite.net/10oiuhfvojb23/event/index.html |archive-date=December 29, 2013 | access-date=October 26, 2011}}</ref>

California Governor [[Jerry Brown]] declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, to be "Steve Jobs Day".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-memorial-apple-jerry-brown-248866 |title=Private Steve Jobs Memorial Set for Oct. 16 – The Hollywood Reporter |last=Fernandez |first=Sofia M. |date=October 14, 2011 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231084758/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-memorial-apple-jerry-brown-248866 |archive-date=December 31, 2013}}</ref> On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at [[Stanford University]]. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, politicians, and family and close friends of Jobs. [[Bono]], [[Yo-Yo Ma]], and [[Joan Baez]] performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. There was high security with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter overhead from an area news station.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576631531431248662 |title=Steve Jobs Memorial Service To Be Held Oct. 16 |date=October 15, 2011 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813052402/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631531431248662.html |archive-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/10/17/steve-jobs%E2%80%99s-family-gave-moving-words-at-sunday-memorial/ |title=Steve Jobs's Family Gave Moving Words at Sunday Memorial – Digits – WSJ |last=Vascellaro |first=Jessica E. |date=October 17, 2011 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=November 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410022201/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/10/17/steve-jobs%E2%80%99s-family-gave-moving-words-at-sunday-memorial/ |archive-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref> Each attendee was given a small brown box as a "farewell gift" from Jobs, containing a copy of the ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]'' (1946) by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wadhwa |first=Hitendra |date=June 21, 2015 |title=Steve Jobs's Secret to Greatness: Yogananda |url=http://www.inc.com/hitendra-wadhwa/steve-jobs-self-realization-yogananda.html |magazine=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] |access-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-date=June 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622231805/http://www.inc.com/hitendra-wadhwa/steve-jobs-self-realization-yogananda.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Childhood friend and fellow Apple co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK_XEGrzHUo  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/dK_XEGrzHUo |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Wozniak Tearfully Remembers His Friend Steve Jobs |date=October 6, 2011 |website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> former owner of what would become Pixar, [[George Lucas]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/george-lucas-steve-jobs |title=George Lucas on Steve Jobs |first=Patricia |last=Sellers |date=October 6, 2011 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=October 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307091948/http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/george-lucas-steve-jobs/ |archive-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref> his competitor Microsoft co-founder [[Bill Gates]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/about-bill-gates/steve-jobs |title=Remembering Steve Jobs |date=October 6, 2011 |publisher=gatesnotes.com |access-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516122314/https://www.gatesnotes.com/About-Bill-Gates/Steve-Jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> and President [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Statement by the President on the Passing of Steve Jobs |date=October 5, 2011 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/05/statement-president-passing-steve-jobs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210172203/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/05/statement-president-passing-steve-jobs |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |url-status=live }}</ref> all made statements in response to his death. At his request, Jobs was buried in an [[unmarked grave]] at [[Alta Mesa Memorial Park]], the only [[nonsectarian]] cemetery in Palo Alto.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-died-of-respiratory-arrest-amid-pancreatic-tumor/ |title=Steve Jobs Died of Respiratory Arrest Amid Pancreatic Tumor |date=October 10, 2011 |work=ABC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122060516/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-died-of-respiratory-arrest-amid-pancreatic-tumor/ |archive-date=January 22, 2012 |access-date=November 12, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-jobs-idUSTRE79969E20111011 |title=Steve Jobs died of respiratory arrest, tumor |last=Gupta |first=Poornima |date=October 10, 2011 |access-date=September 21, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020239/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/us-apple-jobs-idUSTRE79969E20111011 |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==Innovations and designs==
Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by philosophies of Zen and Buddhism. In India, he experienced Buddhism while on his seven-month spiritual journey,<ref name="The Hindu-2011">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2567088.ece?homepage=true |title=Steve Jobs' autobiography: a chronicle of a complex genius |date=October 24, 2011 |work=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109011852/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2567088.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and his sense of intuition was influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.<ref name="The Hindu-2011" /> Jobs gained insights regarding [[industrial design]]s from [[Richard Sapper]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/designer-richard-sapper-regrets-turning-down-apple-and-steve-jobs-2013-6 |title=This Man Could Have Made $30 Million Per Year As Apple's Designer — But He Turned Steve Jobs Down |last=Shontell |first=Alyson |website=Business Insider |access-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517055254/https://www.businessinsider.com/designer-richard-sapper-regrets-turning-down-apple-and-steve-jobs-2013-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Apple co-founder Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design...".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1664863/what-made-steve-jobs-so-great |title=What Made Steve Jobs So Great? |newspaper=Fast Company |date=August 24, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410045331/http://www.fastcodesign.com/1664863/what-made-steve-jobs-so-great |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=August 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Does Steve Jobs know how to code">{{Cite web |url=http://www.woz.org/letters/does-steve-jobs-know-how-code |title=Does Steve Jobs know how to code? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031141542/http://www.woz.org/letters/does-steve-jobs-know-how-code |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |access-date=August 21, 2012 }}</ref> [[Daniel Kottke]], one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs, stated: "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://boingboing.net/2012/08/09/kottke.html |title=Searching for Magic in India and Silicon Valley: An Interview with Daniel Kottke, Apple Employee #12 |newspaper=Boing Boing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111073600/http://boingboing.net/2012/08/09/kottke.html |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=August 30, 2012|date=August 9, 2012 }}</ref>

He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, [[lanyard]]s, and packages. His contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product". He and his industrial design chief [[Jonathan Ive]] are named for 200 of the patents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/25/portfolio_of_over_300_patents_underscores_steve_jobs_attention_to_detail.html |title=Portfolio of over 300 patents underscores Steve Jobs' attention to detail |date=August 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410021233/http://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/25/portfolio_of_over_300_patents_underscores_steve_jobs_attention_to_detail.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> Most of these are design patents as opposed to utility patents or inventions; they are specific product designs such as both original and lamp-style [[iMac]]s, and [[PowerBook G4|PowerBook G4 Titanium]].<ref name="Patents registry database 1">{{Cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=ASNM&d=PTXT |title=U.S. Government patent database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812215018/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=ASNM&d=PTXT |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=IN&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=AS&d=PG01 |title=U.S. Government patent application database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226171021/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=jobs&FIELD1=IN&co1=AND&TERM2=apple&FIELD2=AS&d=PG01 |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2011 }}</ref> He holds 43 issued US patents on inventions.<ref name="Patents registry database 1" /> The patent on the Mac OS X [[Dock (macOS)|Dock]] user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=jobs.INNM.&s2=apple.ASNM.&OS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple&RS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple |title=United States Patent 8,032,843, Ording, et al., October 4, 2011, "User interface for providing consolidation and access" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812215357/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=jobs.INNM.&s2=apple.ASNM.&OS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple&RS=IN/jobs+AND+AN/apple |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |access-date=November 21, 2017 }}</ref> Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,<ref name="Does Steve Jobs know how to code" /> Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-told-me-why-he-loved-being-a-ceo-2013-1 |title=Steve Jobs Told Me Why He Loved Being A CEO |work=Business Insider |access-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807051235/http://www.businessinsider.com/ |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |quote=He told me once that part of the reason he wanted to be CEO was so that nobody could tell him that he wasn't allowed to participate in the nitty-gritty of product design [...] He was right there in the middle of it. All of it. As a team member, not as CEO. He quietly left his CEO hat by the door, and collaborated with us. }}</ref>

Involved in many projects throughout his career was his long-time marketing executive and confidant [[Joanna Hoffman]], known as one of the few employees at Apple and NeXT who could successfully stand up to Jobs while also engaging with him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/08/kate-winslet-on-her-role-in-steve-jobs.html |title=How Kate Winslet Won a Role in Steve Jobs and Managed All That Sorkin Dialogue |last=Kachka |first=Boris |date=August 26, 2015 |work=Vulture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618180609/http://www.vulture.com/2015/08/kate-winslet-on-her-role-in-steve-jobs.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref> Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.<ref name=eulogy /> He despised the oxygen monitor on his finger, and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/walter-isaacsons-steve-jobs-biography-shows-apple-co-founders-genius-flaws/2011/10/23/gIQA86vaAM_story.html |title=Walter Isaacson's 'Steve Jobs' biography shows Apple co-founder's genius, flaws |last=Rosenwald |first=Michael S. |date=October 24, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 16, 2012 |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025093629/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/walter-isaacsons-steve-jobs-biography-shows-apple-co-founders-genius-flaws/2011/10/23/gIQA86vaAM_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Apple I===
{{Main|Apple I}}
The [[Apple I]] was designed entirely by Wozniak, but Jobs had the idea of selling the computer, which led to the founding of [[Apple Computer]] in 1976. Jobs and Wozniak constructed several of the Apple I prototype by hand, funded by selling some of their belongings. Eventually, 200 units were produced.<ref name="AppleStoryPart1"/> One of the main innovations of the Apple I was that it included [[video display terminal]] circuitry on its circuit board, allowing it to connect to a low-cost [[composite video]] monitor or television, instead of an expensive computer terminal, compared to most existing computers at the time.

===Apple II===
{{Main|Apple II}}
[[File:Micromodem II in Apple II.jpg|thumb|The [[Apple II]], here with an external [[modem]], was designed primarily by [[Steve Wozniak]].]]

The Apple II is an [[8-bit]] [[home computer]], one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced [[microcomputer]] products,<ref name="Ars Technica 2005-12-15" /> designed primarily by Wozniak. Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II's unusual case{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=73–83}} and [[Rod Holt]] developed the unique power supply.<ref name="wozorg" /> It was introduced in 1977 at the [[West Coast Computer Faire]] by Jobs and Wozniak as the first consumer product sold by Apple. The Apple II was first sold on June 10, 1977.<ref name="Apple II intro date">{{cite web | title = June 10, 1978 - Apple II Released Today | work = This Day in History | publisher = Computer History Museum | location = Mountain View, CA | url = http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/June/10/ | access-date = August 3, 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620175048/http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/June/10/ | archive-date = June 20, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Apple II History">{{cite web | last = Weyhrich | first = Steven | title = 4-The Apple II, cont. - Product Introduction | work = Apple II History | date = December 2008 | publisher = Apple2History.org | url = http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ | access-date = August 3, 2012 | quote = The first motherboard-only Apple II computers shipped on May 10, 1977, for those who wanted to add their own case, keyboard, and power supply (or wanted to update their [[Apple I|Apple-1]] "system" with the latest and greatest). A month later, on June 10, 1977, Apple began shipping full Apple II systems. | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110722173215/http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ | archive-date = July 22, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

===Lisa===
{{Main|Apple Lisa}}
The Lisa is a personal computer developed by Apple from 1978 and sold in the early 1980s to business users. It is the first personal computer with a [[graphical user interface]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mac-history.net/apple-lisa/2007-10-12/apple-lisa |title=Apple Lisa |first=Christoph |last=Dernbach |date=October 12, 2007 |publisher=Mac History |access-date=November 15, 2012 |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103160504/http://www.mac-history.net/apple-lisa/2007-10-12/apple-lisa |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lisa sold poorly at 100,000 units,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oldcomputers.net/lisa.html |title=Apple Lisa computer |access-date=May 20, 2015 |archive-date=June 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602111059/http://oldcomputers.net/lisa.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but despite being considered a commercial failure, it received technical acclaim, introducing several advanced features that reappeared on the Macintosh and eventually [[IBM PC compatible]]s. In 1982, after Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,<ref>{{Cite book |title=iCon: Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business |title-link=iCon: Steve Jobs |last1=Simon |first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Young |first2=William L. |date=April 14, 2006 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0471787846 |edition=Newly updated |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff/page/70 70] }}</ref> he took over the [[Macintosh]] project, adding inspiration from Lisa. The final Lisa 2/10 was modified and sold as the [[Macintosh XL]].{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=79}}

===Macintosh===
{{Main|Mac (computer)}}
[[File:Steve Jobs.jpg|thumb|upright|Jobs holds up a [[MacBook Air]] at the [[MacWorld Conference & Expo]], 2008]]
Once he joined the [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] team, Jobs took over the project after Wozniak had experienced a traumatic airplane accident and temporarily left the company.<ref name="TheVerge">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life |title=Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014832/http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |access-date=June 28, 2013|date=June 27, 2013 }}</ref> Jobs launched the Macintosh on January 24, 1984, as the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral [[graphical user interface]] and [[Computer mouse|mouse]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |title=Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers |last=Polsson |first=Ken |date=July 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821105822/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2009 |access-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref> This first model was later renamed to Macintosh 128k among the prolific series. Since 1998, Apple has phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since inception. The Macintosh was introduced by a {{USD|1.5 million}} [[Ridley Scott]] television commercial, "[[1984 (advertisement)|1984]]".{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=113}} It aired during the third quarter of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] on January 22, 1984, received as a "watershed event"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |title=Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event |last=Maney |first=Kevin |date=January 28, 2004 |work=USA Today |access-date=April 11, 2010 |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405014827/https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |url-status=live }}</ref> and a "masterpiece".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |title=Why 2006 isn't like '1984' |last=Leopold |first=Todd |date=February 3, 2006 |access-date=May 10, 2008 |work=CNN|archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405014827/https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Iyb4f_GMLWI3fgg2nPaAIsVtyWI9FA-UR5Nw-yqOLE/edit?usp=sharing |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Regis McKenna]] called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adage.com/article/digital/apple-s-marketing-guru-1984-overrated/232933/ |title=Apple's First Marketing Guru on Why '1984' Is Overrated |last=Creamer |first=Matthew |date=March 1, 2012 |publisher=[[Ad Age]] |access-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419234433/http://adage.com/article/digital/apple-s-marketing-guru-1984-overrated/232933/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It uses an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]-style picture of the computer on her white [[sleeveless shirt|tank top]]) to save humanity from the conformity of IBM's domination of the computer industry. The ad [[allusion|alludes]] to [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', which describes a [[dystopia|dystopian future]] ruled by a televised "[[Big Brother (1984)|Big Brother]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112 |title=The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20 |last=Cellini |first=Adelia |date=January 2004 |work=[[MacWorld]] |access-date=May 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628133757/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112 |archive-date=June 28, 2009 |issue=21 |volume=1 |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Long |first=Tony |date=January 22, 2007 |title=Jan. 22, 1984: Dawn of the Mac |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/01/72496 |magazine=[[Wired News|Wired]] |access-date=April 11, 2010 |archive-date=April 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416033051/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/01/72496 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the [[Commodore 64]] for consumers, and the [[IBM Personal Computer]] and its accompanying [[IBM PC compatible|clone]] market for businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/5/ |title=Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures |last=Reimer |first=Jeremy |date=December 14, 2005 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514081408/https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/12/total-share/5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade.

===NeXT Computer===
{{Main|NeXT Computer}}
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started [[NeXT]], a [[workstation]] computer company. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1988 at a [[NeXT Introduction|lavish launch event]]. Using the NeXT Computer, [[Tim Berners-Lee]] created the world's first [[web browser]], the [[WorldWideWeb]]. The NeXT Computer's operating system, named [[NeXTSTEP]], begat [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], which is now the foundation of most of Apple's [[operating system]]s such as Macintosh's [[macOS]] and iPhone's [[iOS]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://inventionsdiscoveries.com/2011/08/steve-jobs-10-products-that-defines-this-tech-legend/ |title=Steve Jobs: 10 Products that Define this Tech Legend |last=Carter |first=Mia |website=Inventions and Discoveries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130162926/http://inventionsdiscoveries.com/2011/08/steve-jobs-10-products-that-defines-this-tech-legend/ |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |access-date=March 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/October/12/ |title=Steve Jobs Introduces NeXTComputer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518195305/http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/October/12/ |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |access-date=April 7, 2013 |quote=Steve Jobs unveiled the NeXT, the computer he designed after moving on from Apple Computer Inc... }}</ref>

===iMac===
{{Main|iMac}}
[[File:IMac Bondi Blue.jpg|thumb|upright|The original [[iMac G3|iMac]] was introduced in 1998 as the first consumer-facing Apple product to have debuted after Jobs's return.]]
Apple's [[iMac G3]] was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design is directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maclife.com/article/gallery/14_best_inventions_steve_jobs#slide-1 |title=Magical Inventions of Steve Jobs |last=Hoppel |first=Adrian |website=Best Inventions of Steve Jobs |publisher=Magical Inventions of Steve Jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023029/http://www.maclife.com/article/gallery/14_best_inventions_steve_jobs |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2012}}</ref> Described as "cartoonlike", the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced the Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has varied the shape, color and size considerably while maintaining the [[All-in-one PC|all-in-one]] design. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a "breathing" light effect when the computer went to sleep.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20060320/imac-1998 |title=iMac – 1998 |last=Antonelli |first=Paola |publisher=MetropolisMag |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511085659/http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20060320/imac-1998 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |access-date=March 28, 2012|date=April 2006 }}</ref> The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. The iMac's forward-thinking changes include eschewing the [[Floppy disk|floppy disk drive]] and moving exclusively to [[USB]] for connecting peripherals. Through the iMac's success, USB was popularized among third-party peripheral makers—as evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.applegazette.com/imac/apple-history-evolution-of-the-imac/ |title=Apple History: Evolution of the iMac |last=Michael |date=August 7, 2007 |website=Apple Gazette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116002445/http://www.applegazette.com/imac/apple-history-evolution-of-the-imac/ |archive-date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref>

===iTunes===
{{Main|iTunes}}
iTunes is a [[media player software|media player]], media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple. It is used to play, download, and organize digital [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio]] and video on personal computers running the [[macOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] operating systems. The [[iTunes Store]] is also available on the [[iPod Touch]], iPhone, and iPad.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |last=McElhearn |first=Kirk |date=January 9, 2016 |title=15 years of iTunes: A look at Apple's media app and its influence on an industry |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/3019878/software/15-years-of-itunes-a-look-at-apples-media-app-and-its-influence-on-an-industry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014254/https://www.macworld.com/article/3019878/software/15-years-of-itunes-a-look-at-apples-media-app-and-its-influence-on-an-industry.html |archive-date=December 17, 2017 |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]]}}</ref> 

Through the iTunes Store, users can purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, [[audiobook]]s, [[podcast]]s, movies, and movie rentals in some countries, and [[ringtone]]s, available on the iPhone and iPod Touch (fourth generation onward). [[Application software]] for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]].<ref name="History"/>

===iPod===
{{Main|iPod}}
The [[iPod Classic#1st generation|first generation of iPod]] was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first-generation iPod ranged from 5&nbsp;GB to 10&nbsp;GB.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipodhistory.com/ipod-first-generation/ |title=iPod First Generation |website=iPod History |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627000036/http://www.ipodhistory.com/ipod-first-generation/ |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref> The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.<ref name="Block">{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2005/09/08/the-ipod-family-cemetery |title=The iPod family cemetery |last=Block |first=Ryan |website=iPods |date=September 8, 2005 |publisher=EndGadget |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206030836/http://www.engadget.com/2005/09/08/the-ipod-family-cemetery/ |archive-date=December 6, 2012 |access-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref> Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://inventionsdiscoveries.com/2011/08/steve-jobs-10-products-that-defines-this-tech-legend/ |title=Steve Jobs: 10 Products that Define this Tech Legend |last=Asiado |first=Tel |date=August 24, 2011 |website=Inventions and Discoveries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130162926/http://inventionsdiscoveries.com/2011/08/steve-jobs-10-products-that-defines-this-tech-legend/ |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |access-date=March 27, 2012 }}</ref> After the first few generations of iPod, Apple released the touchscreen [[iPod Touch]], the reduced-size [[iPod Mini]] and [[iPod Nano]], and the screenless [[iPod Shuffle]] in the following years.<ref name="Block" />

===iPhone===
{{Main|iPhone}}
Apple began work on the [[iPhone (1st generation)|first iPhone]] in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007 and included it in the All-TIME 100 Gadgets list in 2010, in the category of Communication.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ha|first=Peter|date=October 25, 2010|title=All-TIME 100 Gadgets - TIME|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2023708,00.html|access-date=October 9, 2021|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=August 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172457/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2023708,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the [[iPhone 3G]] was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the [[iPhone 3GS]], whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iphonehistory.com/iphone-3gs/ |title=iPhone 3GS |website=iPhone News |publisher=iPhoneHistory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624222525/http://www.iphonehistory.com/iphone-3gs/ |archive-date=June 24, 2012 |access-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref> The iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera capable of recording video in 720p HD, and added a secondary front-facing camera for video calls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-4/specs.html |title=iPhone 4 Tech Specs |publisher=Apple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630170442/http://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-4/specs.html |archive-date=June 30, 2012 |access-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref> A major feature of the [[iPhone 4s]], introduced in October 2011, was [[Siri]], a virtual assistant capable of voice recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iphone5reviewed.com/wordpress/2011/11/04/iphone-history-read-about-the-iphone-story-here/ |title=iPhone History – Read About The iPhone Story Here |date=November 4, 2011 |publisher=The Apple Biter's Blog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621040832/http://www.iphone5reviewed.com/wordpress/2011/11/04/iphone-history-read-about-the-iphone-story-here/ |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |access-date=October 15, 2014 }}</ref>

===iPad===
{{Main|iPad}}
[[File:Steve Jobs with the Apple iPad no logo.jpg|thumb|Jobs introduced the [[iPad]] in 2010.]]
The iPad is an iOS-based line of [[tablet computer]]s designed and marketed by Apple. The [[iPad (1st generation)|first iPad]] was released on April 3, 2010. The [[user interface]] is built around the device's [[multi-touch]] screen, including a [[virtual keyboard]]. The iPad includes built-in [[Wi-Fi]] and cellular connectivity on select models. {{As of |April 2015}}, more than 250 million iPads have been sold.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/3/8339599/apple-ipad-five-years-old-timeline-photos-videos |title=The iPad's 5th anniversary: a timeline of Apple's category-defining tablet |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=April 17, 2015 |date=April 3, 2015 |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417213254/http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/3/8339599/apple-ipad-five-years-old-timeline-photos-videos |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:SteveJobs house in PaloAlto with fruit trees.jpg|thumb|Jobs's house in Palo Alto]]
===Marriage===
In 1989, Jobs first met his future wife, [[Laurene Powell Jobs|Laurene Powell]], when he gave a lecture at the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], where she was a student. Soon after the event, he stated that Laurene "was right there in the front row in the lecture hall, and I couldn't take my eyes off of her ... kept losing my train of thought, and started feeling a little giddy".<ref>{{Cite web |last= Love| first= Dylan| title= Steve Jobs Skipped A Business Meeting To Take His Wife On Their First Date|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-wife-2011-10|access-date=2020-06-30| website=Business Insider}}</ref> After the lecture, he met her in the parking lot and invited her out to dinner. From that point forward, they were together, with a few minor exceptions, for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milian |first=Mark |date=2011-10-06 |title=The spiritual side of Steve Jobs {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/tech/innovation/steve-jobs-philosophy/index.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

Jobs proposed on New Year's Day 1990; they married on March 18, 1991, in a Buddhist ceremony at the [[Ahwahnee Hotel]] in [[Yosemite National Park]].<ref name="CNN Money"/> Fifty people, including Jobs's father, Paul, and his sister Mona, attended. The ceremony was conducted by Jobs's [[guru]], [[Kobun Chino Otogawa]].<ref name="CNN Money">{{cite web| first= Peter |last= Elkind |url= https://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Steve Jobs (pg 2)|work=[[CNNMoney]]|date=March 5, 2008 |access-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100305185913/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index2.htm|archive-date=March 5, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The vegan wedding cake was in the shape of Yosemite's [[Half Dome]], and the wedding ended with a hike and Laurene's brothers' snowball fight. Jobs reportedly said to Mona: "You see, Mona [...], Laurene is descended from [[Joe Namath]], and we're descended from [[John Muir]]".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=274}}

Jobs's and Powell's first child, a son named [[Reed Jobs|Reed]], was born in 1991.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=81}} Jobs's father, Paul, died a year and a half later, on March 5, 1993. Jobs's childhood home remains a tourist attraction and is currently owned by his stepmother (Paul's second wife), Marilyn Jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://patch.com/california/losaltos/steve-jobs-childhood-home-draws-tourists-stepmom-lamea2c39be94e |title=Steve Jobs' Childhood Home Draws Tourists; Stepmom Laments Resignation |date=August 25, 2011 |website=Los Altos, CA Patch |access-date=May 30, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213808/https://patch.com/california/losaltos/steve-jobs-childhood-home-draws-tourists-stepmom-lamea2c39be94e |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs and Powell had two more children, daughters Erin (b. 1995) and [[Eve Jobs]] (b. 1998), who is a fashion model.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=81}} The family lived in [[Palo Alto, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parsacf.org/Page/82 |title=Laurene Powell Jobs&nbsp;– PARSA |year=2006 |publisher=PARSA Community Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010800/http://www.parsacf.org/Page/82 |archive-date=September 14, 2010 |access-date=July 8, 2008}}</ref> Although a billionaire, Jobs made it known that, like Gates, he had stipulated that most of his monetary fortune would not be left to his children.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/business/laurene-powell-jobs-corner-office.html|title=Laurene Powell Jobs Is Putting Her Own Dent in the Universe: An interview with the 35th-richest person in the world|first=David|last=Gelles|date=February 27, 2020|access-date=May 25, 2020|archive-date=May 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525094813/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/business/laurene-powell-jobs-corner-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Business Insider]]|title=Laurene Powell Jobs says she won't pass on billions to her children|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/laurene-powell-jobs-children-wont-inherit-billions-2020-2|quote=It ends with me|first=Avery|last=Hartmans|date=February 28, 2020|access-date=May 25, 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629182850/https://www.businessinsider.com/laurene-powell-jobs-children-wont-inherit-billions-2020-2|url-status=live}}</ref> 

===Family===
[[Chrisann Brennan]] notes that after Jobs was forced out of Apple, "he apologized many times over for his behavior" towards her and Lisa. She said Jobs "said that he never took responsibility when he should have, and that he was sorry".{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=220}} By this time, Jobs had developed a strong relationship with Lisa and when she was nine, Jobs had her name on her birth certificate changed from "Lisa Brennan" to "Lisa Brennan-Jobs".{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=}} Jobs and Brennan developed a working relationship to [[co-parent]] Lisa, a change which Brennan credits to the influence of his newly found biological sister, [[Mona Simpson]], who worked to repair the relationship between Lisa and Jobs.{{sfn|Brennan|2013|p=}} Jobs had found Mona after first finding his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, shortly after he left Apple.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=253–255}}

Jobs did not contact his birth family during his adoptive mother Clara's lifetime, however. He later told his official biographer [[Walter Isaacson]]: "I never wanted [Paul and Clara] to feel like I didn't consider them my parents, because they were totally my parents [...] I loved them so much that I never wanted them to know of my search, and I even had reporters keep it quiet when any of them found out".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=253–255}} However, in 1986, when Jobs was 31, Clara was diagnosed with lung cancer. He began to spend a great deal of time with her and learned more details about her background and his adoption, information that motivated him to find his biological mother. Jobs found on his birth certificate the name of the San Francisco doctor to whom Schieble had turned when she was pregnant. Although the doctor did not help Jobs while he was alive, he left a letter for Jobs to be opened upon his death. As he died soon afterwards, Jobs was given the letter which stated that "his mother had been an unmarried graduate student from Wisconsin named Joanne Schieble".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=253–255}}

Jobs only contacted Schieble after Clara died in early 1986 and after he received permission from his father, Paul. In addition, out of respect for Paul, he asked the media not to report on his search.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=253–255}} Jobs stated that he was motivated to find his birth mother out of both curiosity and a need "to see if she was okay and to thank her, because I'm glad I didn't end up as an abortion. She was twenty-three and she went through a lot to have me."{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=254}} Schieble was emotional during their first meeting (though she wasn't familiar with the history of Apple or Jobs's role in it) and told him that she had been pressured into signing the adoption papers. She said that she regretted giving him up and repeatedly apologized to him for it. Jobs and Schieble developed a friendly relationship throughout the rest of his life and spent Christmas together.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=258}}

During this first visit, Schieble told Jobs that he had a sister, Mona, who was not aware that she had a brother.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=254}} Schieble then arranged for them to meet in New York where Mona worked. Her first impression of Jobs was that "he was totally straightforward and lovely, just a normal and sweet guy".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=255}} Simpson and Jobs then went for a long walk to get to know each other.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=255}} Jobs later told his biographer that "Mona was not completely thrilled at first to have me in her life and have her mother so emotionally affectionate toward me{{nbsp}}... As we got to know each other, we became really good friends, and she is my family. I don't know what I'd do without her. I can't imagine a better sister. My adopted sister, Patty, and I were never close."{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=255}}

{{quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like [[Omar Sharif]]. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not-yet-furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man, and he was my brother.|source=—[[Mona Simpson]]<ref name="eulogy" />}}

Jobs then learned his family history. Six months after he was given up for adoption, Schieble's father died, she wed Jandali, and they had a daughter, Mona.<ref name="sg">{{Cite news |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2011011891545 |title=The 'father of invention' |date=January 18, 2011 |work=Saudi Gazette |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701085311/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2011011891545 |archive-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=253}} Jandali states that after finishing his PhD he returned to Syria to work, and then Schieble left him.<ref name=sg/> They divorced in 1962{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=16}} and he said then he lost contact with Mona for a time:

{{blockquote|I also bear the responsibility for being away from my daughter when she was four years old, as her mother divorced me when I went to Syria, but we got back in touch after 10 years. We lost touch again when her mother moved and I didn't know where she was, but since 10 years ago we've been in constant contact, and I see her three times a year. I organized a trip for her last year to visit Syria and Lebanon and she went with a relative from Florida.<ref name=sg/>}}

A few years later, Schieble married an ice-skating teacher, George Simpson. Mona Jandali took her stepfather's last name, as Mona Simpson. In 1970, after divorcing her second husband, Schieble took Mona to Los Angeles and raised her alone.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=253}}

When Simpson found that their father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was living in [[Sacramento, California]], Jobs had no interest in meeting him as he believed Jandali did not treat his children well{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=256}} and according to the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', this was because of finding a ''Seattle Times'' article about Jandali's abandonment of his students on a trip to Egypt in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graff |first=Amy |date=November 18, 2015 |title=Social media reminds us Steve Jobs was the son of a Syrian migrant |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Steve-Jobs-son-of-Syrian-refugee-6640925.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519121041/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Steve-Jobs-son-of-Syrian-refugee-6640925.php |archive-date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=May 19, 2016 |website=SFGate |publisher=Hearst Communications}}</ref> Simpson went to Sacramento alone and met Jandali, who worked in a small restaurant. They spoke for several hours, and he told her that he had left teaching for the restaurant business. He said he and Schieble had given another child away for adoption but that "we'll never see that baby again. That baby's gone." He said he once managed a Mediterranean restaurant near [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] and that "all of the successful technology people used to come there. Even Steve Jobs ... oh yeah, he used to come in, and he was a sweet guy and a big tipper". At the request of Jobs, Simpson did not reveal to Jandali that his own story meant that he had actually already met his son.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=257}}

After hearing about the visit, Jobs recalled that "it was amazing ... I had been to that restaurant a few times, and I remember meeting the owner. He was Syrian. Balding. We shook hands." However, Jobs still did not want to meet Jandali because "I was a wealthy man by then, and I didn't trust him not to try to blackmail me or go to the press about it ... I asked Mona not to tell him about me".{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=257}} Jandali later discovered his relationship to Jobs through an online blog. He then contacted Simpson and asked, "what is this thing about Steve Jobs?". Simpson told him that it was true and later commented, "My father is thoughtful and a beautiful storyteller, but he is very, very passive ... He never contacted Steve". Because Simpson herself researched her Syrian roots and began to meet the family, she assumed that Jobs would eventually want to meet their father, but he never did. Jobs also never showed an interest in his Syrian heritage or the Middle East. Simpson fictionalized the search for their father in her 1992 novel ''[[The Lost Father]]''.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=258}} [[Malek Jandali]] is their cousin.<ref>[https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2012/07/malek-jandali-mona-simpson-james-gelvin Conversations: Malek Jandali, Mona Simpson, & James Gelvin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414174937/https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2012/07/malek-jandali-mona-simpson-james-gelvin/ |date=April 14, 2018 }} (UCLA Hammer Museum event). ''Hammer.UCLA.edu''. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</ref>

===Philanthropy===
Jobs's views and actions on philanthropy and charity are a public mystery.<ref name="mystery">{{cite news | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | title=The Mystery of Steve Jobs's Public Giving | date=August 29, 2011 | first=Andrew Ross | last=Sorkin | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/the-mystery-of-steve-jobss-public-giving/ | access-date=August 6, 2022 | archive-date=August 6, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806224123/https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/the-mystery-of-steve-jobss-public-giving/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He maintained privacy even over what few of these actions were publicly known. He has been a key figure in public discussions about societal obligations of the wealthy and powerful. Through his career, the media investigated and criticized him and Apple as unusually and inexplicably mysterious or absent among powerful leaders and especially billionaires. His name is absent from the Million Dollar List of all large global philanthropy.<ref name="record thin"/> Some have speculated about his possible secret role in large anonymous donations.<ref name="mystery"/>

Mark Vermilion, former charitable leader for [[Joan Baez]], Apple, and Jobs, attributed Jobs's lifelong minimization of direct charity to his perfectionism and limited time. Jobs, Vermilion, and supporters said over the years that corporate products were Jobs's superior contributions to culture and society instead of direct charity.<ref name="record thin">{{Cite news |last=Whoriskey |first=Peter |date=October 6, 2011 |title=Record thin on Steve Jobs' philanthropy |url=https://washingtonpost.com/business/economy/record-thin-on-steve-jobss-philanthropy/2011/10/06/gIQA3YKKRL_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 6, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812001024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/record-thin-on-steve-jobss-philanthropy/2011/10/06/gIQA3YKKRL_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1985, Jobs said, "You know, my main reaction to this money thing is that it's humorous, all the attention to it, because it's hardly the most insightful or valuable thing that's happened to me."<ref name="mystery"/>

Shortly after leaving Apple, he formed the charitable Steven P. Jobs Foundation, led by Mark Vermilion, hired away from Apple's community leadership. Jobs wanted a focus on nutrition and vegetarianism, but Vermilion wanted social entrepreneurship. That year, Jobs soon launched NeXT and closed the foundation with no results. Upon his 1997 return to Apple, Jobs optimized the failing company to the core, such as eliminating all philanthropic programs, never to be restored. In 2007, ''Stanford Social Innovation Review'' magazine listed Apple among "America's least philanthropic companies". A few months after another unflattering news report, Apple started a program to match employees' charitable gifts.<ref name="record thin"/> Jobs declined to sign [[The Giving Pledge]], launched in 2010 by [[Warren Buffett]] and [[Bill Gates]] for fellow billionaires.<ref name="record thin"/><ref name="mystery"/> He donated $50 million to Stanford hospital and contributed to efforts to cure AIDS. [[Bono]] reported "tens of millions of dollars" given by Apple while Jobs was CEO, to AIDS and HIV relief programs in Africa, which inspired other companies to join.<ref name="record thin"/>

==Honors and awards==
[[File:President Ronald Reagan presents the 1985 National Technology Awards to Steven Jobs.jpg|thumb|Jobs received the [[National Medal of Technology]] from President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1985, awarded jointly with [[Steve Wozniak]].]]
[[File:Steve Jobs (1).JPG|thumb|alt=A bronze statue of Jobs with a green patina. Jobs is holding a remote control and gesturing as though in the middle of a presentation. Flowers are placed at his feet.|A statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park in [[Budapest]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft |title=Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park |date=December 21, 2011 |work=GlobalPost |access-date=December 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110222451/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft |archive-date=January 10, 2012 }}</ref>]]
* '''1985''': awarded [[National Medal of Technology]] (with [[Steve Wozniak]]) by US President [[Ronald Reagan]], the country's highest honor for technological achievements<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html |title=The National Medal of Technology Recipients 1985 Laureates |publisher=Uspto.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826141353/http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html |archive-date=August 26, 2009 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref>
* '''1987''': [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Award for Public Service]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |title=National Winners &#124; public service awards |publisher=Jefferson Awards.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220022823/http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |archive-date=February 20, 2012 |access-date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref>
* '''1989''': ''Entrepreneur of the Decade'' by ''[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html |title=The Entrepreneur of the Decade |first1=Bo |last1=Burlingham |first2=George |last2=Gendron |date=April 1, 1989 |website=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc. magazine]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609071143/http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |access-date=October 8, 2011 }}</ref>
* '''1991''': [[Howard Vollum Award]] from [[Reed College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/convocation-audio/id391853261?mt=10 |title=Reed College Convocation |date=August 27, 1991 |website=Apple iTunes |publisher=Reed College |location=Portland, Oregon |access-date=December 6, 2016 |archive-date=December 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211060339/https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/convocation-audio/id391853261?mt=10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''2004–2010''': listed among the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100 Most Influential People in the World]] on five separate occasions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Serenity |date=April 29, 2010 |title=Steve Jobs makes Time 100 for fifth time |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/205138/steve_jobs_makes_time_100_yet_again.html |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=Macworld |language=en |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173223/https://www.macworld.com/article/205138/steve_jobs_makes_time_100_yet_again.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''2007''': named the most powerful person in business by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune |title=25 most powerful people in business – #1: Steve Jobs |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=April 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410022342/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/ |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref>
* '''2007''': inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html |title=Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110182937/http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html |archive-date=January 10, 2008 }}, [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts|California Museum]]. Retrieved 2007.</ref>
* '''2012''': [[Grammy Trustees Award]], an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html |title=Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy |last=Arico |first=Joe |date=December 22, 2011 |work=Mobiledia.com |access-date=December 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906110132/http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html |archive-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>
* '''2012''': posthumously honored with an [[Edison Awards|Edison Achievement Award]] for his commitment to innovation throughout his career<ref>{{Cite web|title=2012 EDISON AWARDS WINNERS ANNOUNCED|url=http://www.edisonawards.com/PressRelease/2012_WinnersRelease.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=October 19, 2021|page=1|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021153157/http://www.edisonawards.com/PressRelease/2012_WinnersRelease.pdf}}</ref>
* '''2013''': posthumously inducted as a [[Disney Legend]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-billy-crystal-receive-583134 |title=Steve Jobs, Billy Crystal to Receive Disney Legends Awards |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=July 10, 2013 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=July 18, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203939/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-billy-crystal-receive-583134 |archive-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>
* '''2017''': [[Steve Jobs Theater]] opens at [[Apple Park]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/12/apple-park-steve-jobs-theater-keynote-foster-partners/ |title=Apple Park's Steve Jobs Theater opens to host 2017 keynote |date=September 12, 2017 |work=Dezeen |access-date=January 4, 2018 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011418/https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/12/apple-park-steve-jobs-theater-keynote-foster-partners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''2022''': posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by US President [[Joe Biden]], the country's highest civilian honor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steve Jobs awarded posthumous Medal of Freedom by President Biden|website=[[MSN]]|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/steve-jobs-awarded-posthumous-medal-of-freedom-by-president-biden/ar-AAZ58mS|access-date=July 1, 2022|page=1|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701172945/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/steve-jobs-awarded-posthumous-medal-of-freedom-by-president-biden/ar-AAZ58mS|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{Main|List of depictions of Steve Jobs}}

==See also==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area
}}
* [[Seva Foundation]]
* [[Timeline of Steve Jobs media]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Brennan |first=Chrisann |title=The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs |title-link=The Bite in the Apple |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-250-03876-0 |location=New York |language=en |author-link=Chrisann Brennan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |year=2011 |title=Steve Jobs |title-link=Steve Jobs (book) |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-4516-4853-9 |edition=1st |location=New York |language=en |author-link=Walter Isaacson}}
* {{Cite book |last=Linzmayer |first=Owen W. |year=2004 |title=Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company |publisher=[[No Starch Press]] |isbn=978-1-59327-010-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia0000linz |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schlender |first1=Brent |title=Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader |title-link=Becoming Steve Jobs |last2=Tetzeli |first2=Rick |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Crown Business]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7710-7914-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Alexander |title=They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Volume 1: 1971–1982 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-138-38992-2 |location=Boca Raton, FL |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Steve Jobs|wikt=no|b=no|v=Steve jobs the end of an era|s=no}}
* {{Official website|https://apple.com/stevejobs|Steve Jobs}} official memorial page at [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
* {{Discogs artist|Steve Jobs (2)|Steve Jobs}}
* {{IMDb name|423418|Steve Jobs}}
* [https://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs Steve Jobs] profile at [[Forbes]]
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/steve-jobs Steven Paul Jobs] ''The Vault'' at [[FBI]] Records
* [https://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?characters=Steve%20Jobs Steve Jobs] at [[Andy Hertzfeld]]'s ''The Original Macintosh'' (folklore.org)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150527041838/http://www.woz.org/taxonomy/term/11 Steve Jobs] at [[Steve Wozniak]]'s woz.org
* 2011: "[https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/steve-jobs Steve Jobs: From Garage to World's Most Valuable Company]." [[Computer History Museum]]
* 2005: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc Steve Jobs commencement speech] at [[Stanford University]]
* 1995: [http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/sj1.html Steve Jobs], Founder, NeXT Computer, excerpts from an Oral History Interview at [[Smithsonian Institution]], April 20, 1995
* 1994: [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/steve-jobs-in-1994-the-rolling-stone-interview-20110117 Steve Jobs] in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview in ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
* 1990: [http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i Steve Jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216230720/http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i |date=December 16, 2014 }} – memory and imagination "What a computer is to me is it's the most remarkable tool that we've ever come up with, and it's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds"
* 1983: [https://archive.today/20140224151824/http://www.pointerbrain.com/the-lost-steve-jobs-speech-is-found The "Lost" Steve Jobs Speech from 1983]; Foreshadowing Wireless Networking, the iPad, and the App Store (audio clip)
* {{open access}} {{YouTube|s4pVFLUlx8g|History of Steve Jobs (Full Documentary)}}

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| title = [[List of Apple Computer CEOs|CEO of Apple]]
| years = 1997–2011
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| title = [[Apple Inc.|Apple Chairman]]
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{{succession box
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{{Steve Jobs|state=expanded}}
{{Apple}}
{{Apple celeb}}
{{Original Macintosh developer team}}
{{NeXT Computer}}
{{Pixar}}
{{Disney Legends Awards 2010s}}
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