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{{About|an early Dutch radio station|the Philippine quasi-judicial agency|Presidential Commission on Good Government}}
[[File:Soireé-Musicale.jpg|thumb|300px|Advertisement placed in the 5 November 1919 ''Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant'' announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.<ref name="philips">[https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm "Vintage Radio Web: Philips"] (vintageradio.nl)</ref>]]
'''PCGG''' (also known as the '''Dutch Concerts''' station) was a radio station located at [[The Hague]] in the [[Netherlands]], which began broadcasting a regular schedule of entertainment programmes on 6 November 1919. The station was established by engineer [[Hanso Idzerda]], and is believed to have been Europe's first sustained broadcasting station,<ref>On 28 March 1914 the first of a short-lived series of weekly concerts, under the oversight of [[Robert Goldschmidt#First_European_scheduled_broadcasts|Robert Goldschmidt]], was made from a station located at the [[Royal Castle of Laeken]] near Brussels, Belgium. ("Concerts by Wireless", ''London Times'', 30 March 1914, page 8.) However, just four months later the entire station complex was destroyed in order to avoid its falling under the control of invading German troops.</ref> as well as one of the [[List of the world's oldest radio stations|first stations in the world]] to transmit entertainment intended for a general audience.<ref>In the United States, [[Charles Herrold|Charles "Doc" Herrold]] of San Jose, California inaugurated weekly concert broadcasts in 1912. In the fall of 1916, [[Lee de Forest]] began daily broadcasts over station [[Radio 2XG|2XG]] in New York City. Both stations were required to cease operating in April 1917 due to the entrance of the United States into World War I.</ref>

PCGG's schedule generally featured one or two evening programmes per week. Although located on the west coast of Holland, the station had a large audience across the English Channel in Great Britain. However, Idzerda ran into financial difficulties, and PCGG's licence was revoked on 11 November 1924, one month before his company, ''Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie'', shut down due to bankruptcy.

==History==
===Formation===
[[Hans Idzerda]]<ref>Hans Idzerda's full name was "Hans Henricus Schotanus à Steringa Idzerda". He was also known as "Hanso".</ref> was an electrical engineer, who worked with the [[Philips]] manufacturing company during World War I. (Holland was a neutral country during this conflict, and largely avoided the immense destruction caused by the war.) Idzerda founded his own company, which became known as ''Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie'' by the end of the war. Together with Philips, he developed the Philips-Iduret-Generatorlamp radio tube.<ref name="philips"/><ref>The "generatorlamp" was also known as the "IDEEZET tube" and the "Dutch IDZ valve".</ref>

An agreement with Philips gave Idzerda the exclusive right to sell tubes to the general public and [[amateur radio]] enthusiasts. His quota was to sell at least 180 a year, and in the first year achieved 1,200 sales.<ref name="commentary">[https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Wireless-World/80s/Wireless-World-1986-02.pdf#num=28 "Communications Commentary: PCGG"], ''Electronics & Wireless World'', February 1986, page 26. (worldradiohistory.com)</ref> In order to promote sales, Idzerda began a series of demonstration transmissions, the first of which was made during the Third Dutch Trade Fair held in Utrecht from February 24 to March 8, 1919.<ref name="presentation">[https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/DQJC5pXBAqoWLQ Idzerda, the first radio broadcaster], ''Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid'' (Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision)</ref> While most audio radio transmissions at this time employed AM ([[amplitude modulation]]) signals, Idzerda patented a method for "narrow-band" FM ([[frequency modulation]]) transmissions.<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=1648402A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=1&date=19271108&DB=&locale= "U.S. Patent #1,648,402], applied for in the United States on 7 May 1921 and issued on 8 November 1927. In the Netherlands, this was applied for on 14 January 1920 and issued as patent #6976 on 24 February 1922.</ref> (This is in contrast to the modern day "wide band" FM, originally developed in the 1930s by [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]].) This could be picked up by standard receivers, although they had to be slightly deturned in order to receive the signals using [[Detector (radio)#Frequency and phase modulation detectors|slope detection]].<ref name="commentary"/>

[[File:Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie building (1921).jpg|thumb|250px|PCGG was located at the ''Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie'' building at Beukstraat 8-10 in the Hague, Netherlands (April 1921)<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479180&view=1up&seq=81 "The Hague Concerts"] by Philip R. Coursey, ''The Wireless World'', 30 April 1921, page 65.</ref>]]
On 11 June 1919 Idzerda was granted permission to operate a radio station, although the permit technically limited him to communication with designated military radio stations. The new station was issued the randomly assigned [[call sign]] of PCGG. Adopting a generous interpretation of the activities allowed by his station authorization, on 6 November he embarked on a weekly series of entertainment broadcasts. The schedule for the first programme was advertised the day before the broadcast in a local newspaper. Idzerda called it a "Radio Soirée-Musicale" (French for "evening musical"), which was transmitted from 8:00 to 11:00&nbsp;p.m. on a [[mediumwave]] wavelength of 670 metres (448&nbsp;kHz).<ref name="philips"/>

===British audience===
The station began a series of twice-weekly programmes, which soon drew attention, and a majority of its listeners, from across the English Channel in Great Britain. In May 1920 a British publication, ''The Wireless World'', informed its readers that the 29 April and 2 May broadcasts many had heard had originated at PCGG, although many listeners, unaware of the Dutch station, had assumed they were a part of the ongoing test transmissions at the Marconi company's Chelmsford station.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479248&view=1up&seq=185 "Notes and News: Wireless Telephony"], ''The Wireless World'', 29 May 1920, page 157.</ref> In June the magazine further reported that PCGG's schedule was 6:40 to 10:40 p.m. on Thursdays, and 1:40 to 3:40 p.m. on Sundays. The transmitter was rated at about 500 watts, operating on a wavelength that ranged from 800 to 1,000 metres (375 to 300&nbsp;kHz).<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479248&view=1up&seq=253 "Notes and News: The Dutch Wireless Telephony Station"], ''The Wireless World'', 26 June 1920, page 221.</ref> In August, the magazine reported that the summer schedule was reduced to one programme per week, on Thursdays from 6:40 to 9:40 &nbsp;p.m, now operating on 1,000 metres. Also, instead of gramophone recordings, the programmes would feature a small musical band that included a piano, violin and cello.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479248&view=1up&seq=386 "Notes and News: PCGG"], ''The Wireless World'', 7 August 1920, page 348.</ref>

The cost of running PCGG began to be a financial burden, especially after the twice-weekly schedule was resumed, as the switch to live performances required hiring paid musicians. In addition, to better serve the British audience the station had incurred costs related to upgrading the signal. In the September 1921 issue of ''The Wireless World'', a letter from W. W. Burnham suggested that the magazine open a subscriptions list to collect donations,<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479180&view=1up&seq=408 Correspondence: Concerts Given by the Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie den Haag, Holland] (letter from W. W. Burnham), ''The Wireless World'', 3 September 1921, page 356.</ref> and the resulting contributions were forwarded to support PCGG's operations.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479180&view=1up&seq=471 "Dutch Concerts"], ''The Wireless World'', 1 October 1921, page 415.</ref>

During this time the ''London Daily Mail'' newspaper had been working with the Marconi company to give publicity broadcasts on an irregular schedule, highlighted by a performance by dame [[Nellie Melba]] on 15 June 1920.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000055633338&view=1up&seq=64 "A Newspaper's Use of the Radio Phone"], ''The Wireless Age'', November 1920, page 10.</ref> However, this use of valuable radio wavelengths was considered to be frivolous by the Postmaster General, who on November 23, 1920 informed the House of Commons that the broadcasts "have been suspended".<ref>''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Vol. I: The Birth of Broadcasting'' by Asa Briggs, 1961, pages 49-50.</ref> Seeking an additional outlet, the ''Daily Mail'' turned to PCGG, providing financing for its programmes from July 1922 until July 1923.<ref name="presentation"/> The series debut was held the evening of July 27, 1922, and featured Australian contralto Lily Payling.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/1613926 "Radio Concert"], ''The Brisbane (Australia) Courier'', 29 July 1922, page 7.</ref> (Idzerda later commented "She had so many pretensions regarding accompaniment, accommodation, care, locality and what a spoiled artist can invent more, that I had to rest for a week after the broadcast to recover from it.")<ref name="presentation"/>

===Final activities===

With the end of the ''Daily Mail'' support, PCGG again faced daunting financing issues. Reports for this time period state that the station was operating on a wavelength of around 1050 metres (285&nbsp;kHz), which suffered significant interference from British amateurs operating spark transmitters on 1000 metres (300&nbsp;kHz). Also, in 1922 the Postmaster General began to relent on the ban of British broadcasting stations, beginning with [[2MT]] at Writtle and [[2LO]] in London. In the fall, the [[British Broadcasting Company]] (BBC) was formed, which established a network of stations covering the country with strong signals, which greatly reduced British interest in trying to pick up PCGG from across the channel.

Expansion in Holland also reduced the interest in PCGG. In the early part of 1924 a syndicate of Dutch listeners was formed to collect money to finance programmes, carried at no expense, by the radio station located at the [[:nl:Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek|Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek]] (NSF) manufacturing plant in Hilversum.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924069333742&view=1up&seq=527 "Radio in Holland"] by W. Peeters, ''The Wireless World'', 17 May 1925, page 505.</ref> PCGG even had to shut down for a short period in the fall of 1923 when local residents complained about the noise being made by its electrical generators.<ref>[https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Popular-Wireless/1923/Popular-Wireless-1923-10-20-S-OCR.pdf#page=19 "Stand By: The Dutchman"], ''Popular Wireless'', 20 October 1923, page 253 (worldradiohistory.com)</ref>

PCGG's licence was revoked on 11 November 1924 due to Idzerda's financial difficulties, and his company was declared bankrupt a month later. There were a couple of later reports that he had resumed broadcasting, but this appears to have been limited to a few experimental transmissions. A 1926 report stated that Netherland Association Idzerda-Radio had received a new PCGG transmitting licence, but there was no additional information about station activities.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076510018&view=1up&seq=143  "Current Topics: PCGG Again on the Ether"], ''Wireless World'', 28 July 1926, page 125.</ref> In 1930, a second report stated that a new authorization, with the call letters PF1IDZ, had been issued to the Idzerda Radio Works, for experimental transmissions every Saturday night between 11:40 p.m. and 1:40 a.m. on 299 metres (1000&nbsp;kHz), but again this was at best a very limited effort.<ref>[https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Wireless-World/30s/Wireless-World-1930-09-S-OCR.pdf#num=65 "Current Topics: Have You Heard This One?"], ''Wireless World'', 10 September 1930, page 247 (worldradiohistory.com)</ref>

Idzerda himself came to a tragic end, executed in 1944 by occupying German troops on the suspicion of espionage.

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 | caption1          = '''Hans Idzerda, founder of the ''Nederlandsche Radio-Industrie'' and PCGG (April 1922)'''<ref name="dutch">"A Dutch Concert Heard in an English Home: Music by Wireless at a Range of 500 Miles", ''Illustrated London News'', 29 April 1922, page 633.</ref>
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 | caption3         = '''Lily Payling, Australian contralto, was the featured performer for the debut of the ''Daily Mail'' sponsored concerts (July 1922)'''<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.d0001186956&view=1up&seq=1065 "Radio at Home and Abroad"] (Lily Payling at PCGG), ''Radio News'', December 1922, page 1063.</ref>
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 | link2             = file:W R H Tingey ad - Dutch Concerts - 12NOV1921.jpg
 | caption2          = '''British advertisement for radio receivers capable of receiving the PCGG concerts (November 1921)'''<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076479180&view=1up&seq=559 "Tingey Receiver"] (advertisement), ''The Wireless World'', 12 November 1921, front cover.</ref>
}}

==See also==
*[[History of radio]]
*[[List of the world's oldest radio stations]]
*[[Timeline of radio]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/DQJC5pXBAqoWLQ Idzerda, the first radio broadcaster], ''Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid'' (Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision).

* "The Birth of Radio Broadcasting" videos from the above presentation: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4n3kuAXxmJ0 Part 1: "Hanso Idzerda and his PCGG transmitter"], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3B38sIfwB8k Part 2: "Dutch Radio Pioneers Hanso Idzerda and Jan Corver"], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci4TSbTCBhw Part 3: "Hanso Idzerda's PCGG Radio Transmitter. How does it work?"] (youtube.com)

* [http://www.r-type.org/articles/art-032.htm "The History of Dutch Broadcasting, part IV"] by Joh. Schnabel, ''The Roman Catholic Radio Guide'', third volume, number 81, July 16, 1927, pages 213 and 214 (English translation: www.r-type.org)

* [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=da&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fbwn1880-2000%2Flemmata%2Fbwn1%2Fidzerda&edit-text= Hanso Schotanus à Steringa Idzerda] Biography of Idzerda. (huygens.knaw.nl, translated from Dutch)

{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:Former broadcast transmitters]]
[[Category:History of radio]]
[[Category:Defunct radio stations in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1919]]
[[Category:Radio stations disestablished in 1924]]