View source for Comparison of user features of messaging platforms

'''Comparison of user features of messaging platforms''' refers to a comparison of all the various user features of various electronic [[instant messaging]] platforms. This includes a wide variety of resources; it includes standalone apps, platforms within websites, computer software, and various internal functions available on specific devices, such as [[iMessage]] for [[iPhones]].

This entry includes only the features and functions that shape the user experience for such apps. A comparison of the underlying system components, programming aspects, and other internal technical information, is outside the scope of this entry.
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==Overview and background==
{{see also| Instant messaging|Messaging apps}}

[[Instant messaging]] technology is a type of [[online chat]] that offers [[real-time text]] transmission over the [[Internet]]. A [[LAN messenger]] operates in a similar way over a [[local area network]]. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM [[application (computing)|applications]] can use [[push technology]] to provide [[real-time text]], which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add [[file transfer]], clickable [[hyperlink]]s, [[Voice over IP]], or [[Videotelephony|video chat]].

Non-IM types of chat include [[multicast]] transmission, usually referred to as "chat rooms", where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other (for example collaborators on a project that is using chat to facilitate communication). Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list also known as a "buddy list" or "friend list"). Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be [[peer-to-peer]] (direct [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]] transmission) or [[client-server]] (an [[Instant message service center]] retransmits messages from the sender to the communication device).

By 2010, instant messaging over the Web was in sharp decline,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Jon|title=Instant messaging: This conversation is terminated|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8698174.stm|access-date=14 March 2018|agency=BBC|date=24 May 2010}}</ref> in favor of messaging features on social networks. The most popular IM platforms were terminated, such as [[AIM (software)|AIM]] which closed down<ref>{{cite web|url=https://help.aol.com/articles/aim-discontinued|title=AIM has been discontinued as of December 15, 2017|website=help.aol.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215023120/https://help.aol.com/articles/aim-discontinued|archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> and [[Windows Live Messenger]] which merged into [[Skype]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28987797|title=MSN Messenger to end after 15 years|date=29 August 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref> Instant messaging has since seen a revival in popularity in the form of "[[messaging apps]]" (usually on mobile devices) which by 2014 had more users than social networks.<ref>{{cite news|title=The rise of messaging platforms|url=https://chatbotnewsdaily.com/the-rise-of-messenger-platforms-and-its-legal-implications-62fe73355122|newspaper=The Economist|via=Chatbot News Daily|access-date=14 March 2018|date=2017-01-22|archive-date=January 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117202639/https://chatbotnewsdaily.com/the-rise-of-messenger-platforms-and-its-legal-implications-62fe73355122?gi=2409e3ced269|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2010, [[social network service|social networking]] providers often offer IM abilities. [[Facebook Messenger|Facebook Chat]] is a form of instant messaging, and [[Twitter]] can be thought of as a [[Web 2.0]] instant messaging system. Similar server-side chat features are part of most [[dating website]]s, such as [[OkCupid]] or [[PlentyofFish]]. The spread of [[smartphone]]s and similar devices in the late 2000s also caused increased competition with conventional instant messaging, by making [[SMS|text messaging]] services still more ubiquitous.

Many instant messaging services offer [[Videotelephony|video calling]] features, [[voice over IP]] and [[web conferencing]] services. Web conferencing services can integrate both video calling and instant messaging abilities. Some instant messaging companies are also offering [[desktop sharing]], IP radio, and [[IPTV]] to the voice and video features.

The term "Instant Messenger" is a [[service mark]] of [[Time Warner]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/foia/ttab/decsum/2006/16jan06.pdf|title=Summary Of Final Decisions Issued By The Trademark Trial And Appeal Board|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008035329/https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/foia/ttab/decsum/2006/16jan06.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2012|access-date=2012-05-11}}</ref> and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the United States. For this reason, in April 2007, the instant messaging client formerly named [[Gaim]] (or gaim) announced that they would be renamed "[[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]]".<ref>[http://www.pidgin.im/index.php?id=177 "Important and Long Delayed News"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811054121/http://www.pidgin.im/index.php?id=177 |date=August 11, 2017 }}, Announcement of [[Gaim]] renaming (to [[Pidgin]]), April 6, 2007</ref>

In the 2010s, more people started to use messaging apps on modern computers and devices like [[WhatsApp]], [[WeChat]], [[Viber]], [[Facebook Messenger]], [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], [[Signal (messaging app)|Signal]] and [[Line (software)|Line]] rather than instant messaging on computers like AIM and Windows Live Messenger. For example, WhatsApp was founded in 2009, and Facebook acquired in 2014, by which time it already had half a billion users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/04/22/whatsapp-hits-500-million-users/|title=WhatsApp Hits 500 Million Users|first=Amit|last=Chowdhry|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

===Concepts===
====Backchannel====
Backchannel is the practice of using networked [[computer]]s to maintain a real-time online conversation alongside the primary group activity or live spoken remarks. The term was coined in the field of [[linguistics]] to describe listeners' behaviours during verbal communication.  (See [[Backchannel (linguistics)]].)

The term "backchannel" generally refers to online conversation about the conference topic or speaker.  Occasionally backchannel provides audience members a chance to [[fact-checker|fact-check]] the presentation.

First growing in popularity at technology conferences, backchannel is increasingly a factor in education where [[WiFi]] connections and [[laptop]] computers allow participants to use ordinary chat like [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]]<ref>McCarthy, Joseph F., and Danah Boyd. 2005. "Digital Backchannels in Shared Physical Spaces." In CHI ’05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI  '05, 1641–1644. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. {{doi|10.1145/1056808.1056986}}</ref><ref>Yardi, Sarita. 2006. "The Role of the Backchannel in Collaborative Learning Environments." In Proceeding ICLS ’06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Sciences, 852–858. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1150034.1150158.</ref> or [[AOL Instant Messenger|AIM]] to actively communicate during presentation. More recent research include works where the backchannel is brought publicly visible, such as the ClassCommons,<ref>Du, Honglu, Mary Beth Rosson, and John M. Carroll. 2012. "Augmenting Classroom Participation through Public Digital Backchannels." In Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication - SIGDOC ’12, 127. {{doi|10.1145/2389176.2389201}}</ref> backchan.nl<ref>Harry, Drew, Joshua Green, and Judith Donath. 2009. "Backchan.nl." In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 09, 1361–1370. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. {{doi|10.1145/1518701.1518907}}</ref> and Fragmented Social Mirror.<ref>Bergstrom, Tony, Andrew Harris, and [[Karrie Karahalios]]. 2011. "Encouraging Initiative in the Classroom with Anonymous Feedback." In Proceeding INTERACT’11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 627–642. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2042053.2042116.</ref>

Twitter is also widely used today by audiences to create backchannels during broadcasting of content or at conferences. For example, television drama,<ref>McPherson, K.; K Huotari; Yo-Shang Cheng; David Humphrey; Coye Cheshire; and Andrew Brooks. 2012. "Glitter: A Mixed-Methods Study of Twitter Use during Glee Broadcasts." In ''Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion'', 167–170. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2141569</ref> other forms of entertainment <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Highfield | first1 = Tim | last2 = Harrington | first2 = Stephen | last3 = Bruns | first3 = Axel | year = 2013 | title = Twitter as a Technology for Audiencing and Fandom | url = https://eprints.qut.edu.au/56118/1/Twitter_as_a_Technology_for_Audiencing_and_Fandom.pdf| journal = Information, Communication & Society | volume = 16| issue = 3| pages = 315–339| doi = 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756053 | s2cid = 27959441 }}</ref> and magazine programs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hawthorne | first1 = J. | last2 = Houston | first2 = J. B. | last3 = McKinney | first3 = M. S. | year = 2013 | title = Live-Tweeting a Presidential Primary Debate: Exploring New Political Conversations | journal = Social Science Computer Review | volume = 31| issue = 5| pages = 552–562| doi = 10.1177/0894439313490643 | s2cid = 62631987 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Larsson | first1 = Anders Olof | year = 2013 | title = Tweeting the Viewer—Use of Twitter in a Talk Show Context | journal = Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media | volume = 57 | issue = 2| pages = 135–152 | doi = 10.1080/08838151.2013.787081 | hdl = 10852/41499 | s2cid = 53575629 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> This practice is often also called [[live tweeting]]. Many conferences nowadays also have a hashtag that can be used by the participants to share notes and experiences; furthermore such hashtags can be user generated.

==Features==
Various platforms and apps are distinguished by their strengths and features in regards to specific functions.

===Group messaging===

===Official channels===
Some apps include a feature known as "official channels" which allows companies, especially news media outlets, publications, and other mass media companies, to offer an official channel, which users can join, and thereby receive regular updates, published articles, or news updates from companies or news outlets. Two apps which have a large amount of such channels available are [[Line (software)|Line]] and [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]].<ref>[https://developers.line.biz/en/docs/messaging-api/getting-started/  Getting started with the Messaging API], Official Line guide, official website, accessed February 15, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://telegram.org/tour/channels Telegram Channels], official website. Accessed February 2021.</ref>

===Video group calls===

==Basic default platforms==
Basic platforms which are common across entire categories of mobile devices, computers, or operating systems.

===SMS===
[[SMS]] ('''short message service''') is a [[text messaging]] service component of most [[telephone]], [[Internet]], and [[mobile device]] systems. It uses standardized [[communication protocols]] to enable mobile devices to exchange short text messages. An intermediary service can facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines.<ref>{{cite news |first=Heather |last=Kelly |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/03/tech/mobile/sms-text-message-20/index.html|title=OMG, The Text Message Turns 20. But has SMS peaked? |work=CNN |date=December 3, 2012}}</ref>

SMS, as used on modern devices, originated from [[radio telegraphy]] in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1985 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications ([[GSM]]) series of standards.<ref name="GSM 28/85">GSM Doc 28/85 "Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System" rev2, June 1985</ref> The first test SMS message was sent on December 3, 1992, when Neil Papwort, a test engineer for Sema Group, used a personal computer to send "Merry Christmas" to the phone of colleague Richard Jarvis. It commercially rolled out to many [[cellular network]]s that decade. SMS became hugely popular worldwide as a way of text communication.<ref>{{cite web |title=Text messaging at 20: how SMS changed the world |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=December 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118084159/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/9718336/Text-messaging-at-20-how-SMS-changed-the-world.html |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |url-status=live |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/9718336/Text-messaging-at-20-how-SMS-changed-the-world.html}}</ref> By the end of 2010, SMS was the most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about 80% of all mobile phone subscribers.

The protocols allowed users to send and receive messages of up to 160 characters (when entirely alpha-numeric) to and from GSM mobiles. Although most SMS messages are sent from one mobile phone to another, support for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as ANSI CDMA networks and [[Digital AMPS]].<ref name="Play GK Quiz:When First SMS Was Sent">{{cite web|url=http://playgkquiz.com/first/when-first-sms-was-sent|title=When First SMS Was Sent|publisher=Play GK Quiz|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034924/http://playgkquiz.com/first/when-first-sms-was-sent|archive-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>

[[Mobile marketing]], a type of [[direct marketing]], uses SMS.<ref>{{cite web |work=wiseGEEK |first=Ken |last=Black |title=What is SMS Marketing? |url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-sms-marketing.htm |date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> According to a 2018 market research report the global SMS messaging business was estimated to be worth over [[US$]]100 billion, accounting for almost 50 percent of all the revenue generated by mobile messaging.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portioresearch.com/en/messaging-reports/mobile-messaging-research/mobile-messaging-futures-2014-2018.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180248/http://www.portioresearch.com/en/messaging-reports/mobile-messaging-research/mobile-messaging-futures-2014-2018.aspx |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |title=Mobile Messaging Futures 2014-20148 |access-date=2016-09-28}}</ref>

A Flash SMS is a type of SMS that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.routomessaging.com/message-sms-types.pmx | title = SMS types on routomessaging.com | access-date = 20 Feb 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505115257/http://www.routomessaging.com/message-sms-types.pmx | archive-date = 5 May 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It can be useful in [[emergency|emergencies]], such as a [[Fire alarm system|fire alarm]] or cases of [[confidentiality]], as in delivering [[one-time password]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sms-wiki.org/p_28-flash-sms.html|title=Flash SMS|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818052517/http://www.sms-wiki.org/p_28-flash-sms.html|archive-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Threaded SMS format====
Threaded SMS is a visual styling orientation of SMS message history that arranges messages to and from a contact in chronological order on a single screen.

It was first invented by a developer working to implement the SMS client for the BlackBerry, who was looking to make use of the blank screen left below the message on a device with a larger screen capable of displaying far more than the usual 160 characters, and was inspired by threaded Reply conversations in email.<ref>USPTO – [https://patents.google.com/patent/US7028263 US Patent 7028263 2001]</ref>

Visually, this style of representation provides a back-and-forth chat-like history for each individual contact.<ref>From Phone Scoop definitions – [http://www.phonescoop.com/glossary/term.php?gid=455 Threaded Messaging definition (Phone Scoop)] – Retrieved December 29, 2012</ref>  Hierarchical-threading at the [[Conversation threading#Advantages|conversation-level]] (as typical in blogs and on-line messaging boards) is not widely supported by SMS messaging clients.  This limitation is due to the fact that there is no [[session identifier]] or subject-line passed back and forth between sent and received messages in the [[Header (computing)|header]] data (as specified by SMS protocol) from which the client device can properly thread an incoming message to a specific dialogue, or even to a specific message within a dialogue.

Most smart phone text-messaging-clients are able to create some contextual threading of "group messages" which narrows the context of the thread around the common interests shared by group members.  On the other hand, advanced enterprise messaging applications that push messages from a remote server often display a dynamically changing reply number (multiple numbers used by the same sender), which is used along with the sender's phone number to create [[Session (computer science)#Session management over SMS|session-tracking]] capabilities analogous to the functionality that [[HTTP cookie|cookies]] provide for web-browsing.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}  As one pervasive example, this technique is used to extend the functionality of many Instant Messenger (IM) applications such that they are able to communicate over two-way dialogues with the much larger SMS user-base.<ref>"Whitepaper: Market Opportunities for Text and MMS Messaging" ABI Research, 2011</ref>  In cases where multiple reply numbers are used by the enterprise server to maintain the dialogue, the visual conversation threading on the client may be separated into multiple threads.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

===Multimedia Messaging Service===

[[Multimedia Messaging Service]] (MMS) is a standard way to send messages that include [[multimedia]] content to and from a [[mobile phone]] over a cellular network. Users and providers may refer to such a message as a '''PXT''', a '''picture message''', or a '''multimedia message'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://vodafone.intelliresponse.com/index.jsp?id=1576&question=How+to+send+a+PXT&requestType=NormalRequest&source=100 | title = How to send a PXT | year = 2015 | publisher = Vodafone Hutchison Australia Pty Limited | access-date = 2016-02-02 | quote = PXT is a really easy way to send a picture, sound, video, animation or text to another phone or email address. They're also known as MMS, picture messages or multimedia messages. [...] If you're used to sending TXT messages, sending a PXT is pretty similar. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510065657/http://vodafone.intelliresponse.com/index.jsp?id=1576&question=How+to+send+a+PXT&requestType=NormalRequest&source=100 | archive-date = 2017-05-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The MMS standard extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability, allowing the exchange of text messages greater than 160 characters in length. Unlike text-only SMS, MMS can deliver a variety of media, including up to forty seconds of video, one image, a [[slide show|slideshow]]<ref name=":0 b">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/19/17252486/google-android-messages-chat-rcs-anil-sabharwal-imessage-texting|title=Exclusive: Chat is Google's next big fix for Android's messaging mess|first=Dieter|last=Bohn|date=April 19, 2018|website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> of multiple images, or audio.
The first MMS-capable phones were introduced around 2002 in conjunction with the first GSM network. The Sony Ericsson T68i is widely believed to be the first MMS-capable cell phone, while many more hit North American markets beginning in 2004 and 2005.

The most common use involves sending [[photographs]] from [[Camera phone|camera-equipped handsets]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Media companies have utilized MMS on a commercial basis as a method of delivering news and entertainment content, and retailers have deployed it as a tool for delivering scannable coupon codes, product images, videos, and other information.

The [[3GPP]] and [[Wireless Application Protocol|WAP]] groups fostered the development of the MMS standard, which is now continued by the [[Open Mobile Alliance]] (OMA).

[[Content adaptation]]: Multimedia content created by one brand of MMS phone may not be entirely compatible with the capabilities of the recipient's MMS phone.  In the MMS architecture, the recipient MMSC is responsible for providing for ''content adaptation'' (e.g., image resizing, audio codec transcoding, etc.), if this feature is enabled by the mobile network operator.  When content adaptation is supported by a network operator, its MMS subscribers enjoy compatibility with a larger network of MMS users than would otherwise be available.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coulombe|first1=Stéphane|last2=Grassel|first2=Guido|title=Multimedia Adaptation for the Multimedia Messaging Service|journal=IEEE Communications Magazine|date=July 2004|volume=42|issue=7|pages=120–126|doi=10.1109/MCOM.2004.1316543|s2cid=4785100}}</ref>

===Rich Communication Services===
[[Rich Communication Services]] (RCS) is a [[communication protocol]] standard for [[instant messaging]], primarily for [[mobile phones]], developed and defined by the GSM Association ([[GSMA]]). It aims to be a replacement of [[SMS]] and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] on [[cellular networks]] with more modern features including high resolution image and video support, typing indicators, file sharing, and improved group chat functionality. As with MMS, mobile service must be activated. Development of RCS began in 2007 but early versions lacked features and [[interoperability]]; a new specification named Universal Profile was developed and has been continually rolled out since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2016 |title=Everything You Need to Know About RCS Universal Profile |url=https://smartphones.gadgethacks.com/how-to/everything-you-need-know-about-rcs-universal-profile-0174767/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Gadget Hacks}}</ref>

RCS has been designed as an industry [[open standard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is RCS? |url=https://www.3cx.com/pbx/what-is-rcs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306073321/https://www.3cx.com/pbx/what-is-rcs/ |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=3CX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zecic |first=Una |date=3 June 2024 |title=The Impact of Apple's Embrace of RCS on Business Messaging |url=https://www.horisen.com/the-impact-of-apples-embrace-of-rcs/ |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=HORISEN}}</ref> to provide improved capabilities over basic [[text messaging]], based on the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP). Its development has also been supported by [[Mobile network operator|mobile network operators]] to regain their influence against individual OTT (over-the-top) chat apps and services.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=Delaney |first=John |date=1 December 2012 |title=RCS and Joyn: Keeping Operators at the Center of Communications |url=https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IDC-report.RCS-market-prospects.December2012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709005644/https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IDC-report.RCS-market-prospects.December2012.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=GSMA}}</ref> Additional features of RCS include [[presence information]], location and multimedia sharing, [[video calling]], and operation over mobile data or [[Wi-Fi]], natively integrated in mobile phones without requiring the download of third-party apps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCS Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/rcs-frequently-asked-questions/ |website=GSMA}}</ref>

As of 2020, RCS has rolled out across 90 cell operators in 60 countries globally,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSMA &#124; Global Launches - Networks |url=https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/rcs/global-launches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709014639/https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/rcs/global-launches/ |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> had over 1 billion monthly active users as of 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=New features to celebrate Messages' 1 billion RCS users |url=https://blog.google/products/android/7-new-messages-features/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Google |language=en-us}}</ref> and had an estimated 2.5 billion monthly active users as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCS: Igniting business messaging with rich conversations |url=https://www.infobip.com/downloads/rcs-igniting-business-messaging |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Infobip |language=en-US}}</ref> RCS can be used anywhere without carrier support using Google Messages on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], where it is provided via their own ''Jibe'' [[Backend (computing)|backend]] in place of a carrier's while still connected to the global RCS network, and additionally was the first to offer [[end-to-end encryption]] over RCS.<ref name=":1022">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=Helping you connect around the world with Messages |url=https://blog.google/products/messages/helping-you-connect-around-world-messages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129135649/https://blog.google/products/messages/helping-you-connect-around-world-messages/ |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Google}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Julie |date=5 October 2023 |title=Another major carrier is moving its RCS services to Google Jibe |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/o2-moving-rcs-services-google-jibe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012040258/https://www.androidpolice.com/o2-moving-rcs-services-google-jibe/ |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=Android Police}}</ref> End to end encryption using [[Messaging Layer Security|MLS]] was added to the RCS standard in March 2025, but has not been implemented yet.<ref name=":242">{{Cite web |last=Van Pelt |first=Tom |date=2025-03-14 |title=RCS Encryption: A Leap Towards Secure and Interoperable Messaging |url=https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/article/rcs-encryption-a-leap-towards-secure-and-interoperable-messaging/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Newsroom |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] added support for RCS in [[Messages (Apple)|Messages]] with [[iOS 18]] in September 2024; RCS is also accessible through desktops via the web client of Google Messages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check your messages on your computer or Android tablet - Google Messages |url=https://support.google.com/messages/answer/7611075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709005644/https://support.google.com/messages/answer/7611075 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> or via [[Phone Link|Microsoft Phone Link]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Send and receive text messages from your PC - Microsoft Support |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/topic/send-and-receive-text-messages-from-your-pc-43189e43-8121-35f6-7930-db095bf938a4 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=support.microsoft.com}}</ref>

===Internet Relay Chat===
[[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC) is an [[application layer]] protocol that facilitates communication in the form of text. The chat process works on a client/server networking model. IRC clients are computer programs that users can install on their system or web based applications running either locally in the browser or on a third party server. These clients communicate with chat servers to transfer messages to other clients.<ref name="rfc 1459 1 introduction">{{cite IETF
| rfc         = 1459
|title=Internet Relay Chat Protocol
| sectionname = Introduction
| section     = 1
| page        = 4
| idanchor    = ietf
}}</ref> IRC is mainly designed for [[Many-to-many|group communication]] in discussion forums, called [[#Channels|channels]],<ref>{{cite IETF
| rfc         = 1459
|title=Internet Relay Chat Protocol
| sectionname = One-to-many
| section     = 3.2
| page        = 11
| idanchor    = ietf
}}</ref> but also allows one-on-one communication via [[instant messaging|private messages]]<ref>{{cite IETF
| rfc         = 2810
|title=Internet Relay Chat: Architecture
| sectionname = One-To-One Communication
| section     = 5.1
| page        = 5
| idanchor    = ietf
}}</ref> as well as [[Direct Client-to-Client|chat and data transfer]],<ref>{{cite web
| url         = http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/rfc/dccspec.html
| title       = A description of the DCC protocol
| access-date  = 8 April 2011
| last        = Rollo
| first       = Troy
| publisher   = irchelp.org
}}</ref> including [[file sharing]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last      = Wang
 |first     = Wallace
 |title     = Steal this File Sharing Book
 |edition   = 1st
 |date      = 25 October 2004
 |publisher = [[No Starch Press]]
 |location  = [[San Francisco, California]]
 |isbn      = 978-1-59327-050-6
 |pages     = [https://archive.org/details/stealthisfilesha00wang/page/61 61–67]
 |chapter   = Instant Messaging and Online Chat Rooms: Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
 |chapter-url       = https://archive.org/details/stealthisfilesha00wang/page/61
}}</ref>

[[Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients|Client software]] is available for every major operating system that supports Internet access.<ref name=Sage>{{cite web
|title=SAGE IRC Channel
|url=http://www.sage.org/about/irc.html
|publisher=Sage – The USENIX Special Interest Group for Sysadmins
|access-date=18 April 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207191923/http://sage.org/about/irc.html|archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> As of April 2011, the top 100 IRC networks served more than half a million users at a time,<ref name="irc networks top 100">{{cite web
| url         = http://irc.netsplit.de/networks/top100.php
| title       = IRC Networks – Top 100
| access-date  = 8 April 2011
| publisher   = irc.netsplit.de
}}</ref> with hundreds of thousands of channels<ref name="irc networks top 100" /> operating on a total of roughly 1,500 servers<ref name="irc networks top 100" /> out of roughly 3,200 servers worldwide.<ref>{{cite web
| url         = http://irc.netsplit.de/servers/summary.php
| title         = IRC Servers – Summary
| access-date         = 8 April 2011
| publisher         = irc.netsplit.de
| archive-url         = https://web.archive.org/web/20110422191726/http://irc.netsplit.de/servers/summary.php
| archive-date         = 22 April 2011
| url-status         = dead
}}</ref> IRC usage has been declining steadily since 2003, losing 60% of its users (from 1 million to about 400,000 in 2012) and half of its channels (from half a million in 2003).<ref name=pingdom/>

====Modern IRC====
IRC has changed much over its life on the Internet. New server software has added a multitude of new features.
* [[IRC services|Services]]: Network-operated bots to facilitate registration of nicknames and channels, sending messages for offline users and network operator functions.
* Extra modes: While the original IRC system used a set of standard user and channel modes, new servers add many new modes for features such as removing color codes from text,<ref>{{cite web|title=Channel Modes|url=https://www.unrealircd.org/docs/Channel_modes|website=UnrealIRCd documentation wiki|access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref> or obscuring a user's hostmask ("cloaking") to protect from [[denial-of-service attack]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cloaking|url=https://www.unrealircd.org/docs/Cloaking|website=UnrealIRCd documentation wiki|access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref>
* Proxy detection: Most modern servers support detection of users attempting to connect through an insecure (misconfigured or exploited) [[proxy server]], which can then be denied a connection. This proxy detection software is used by several networks, although that real-time list of proxies is defunct since early 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irc-junkie.org/2006-05-07/blitzed-open-proxy-monitor-shuts-down/|title=Blitzed Open Proxy Monitor Shuts Down|quote=The Open Proxy Monitor which has been provided by the Blitzed IRC network has been shut down…The database was so large that it is near to impossible for the team to backup, or find a new location to continue the service. Added to that, most of the team members do not possess the time anymore to keep the service running.}}</ref>
* Additional commands: New commands can be such things as shorthand commands to issue commands to Services, to network-operator-only commands to manipulate a user's hostmask.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* [[Encryption]]: For the client-to-server leg of the connection [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] might be used (messages cease to be secure once they are relayed to other users on standard connections, but it makes [[Man-in-the-middle attack|eavesdropping]] on or wiretapping an individual's IRC sessions difficult). For client-to-client communication, [[Secure Direct Client-to-Client|SDCC]] (Secure DCC) can be used.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* Connection protocol: IRC can be connected to via [[IPv4]], the old version of the [[Internet Protocol]], or by [[IPv6]], the current standard of the protocol.

{{As of|2016}}, a new standardization effort is under way under a working group called IRCv3, which focuses on more advanced client features like instant notifications, better history support and improved security.<ref name="ircv3">{{cite web|title=IRCv3|url=http://ircv3.net/|publisher=IRCv3 Working Group|access-date=25 April 2016|date=2016|quote=The IRCv3 Working Group is a collection of IRC client and server software authors working to enhance, maintain and standardize the IRC protocol using backwards-compatible extensions.}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, no major IRC networks have fully adopted the proposed standard.<ref name="ircv3usage">{{cite web|title= Networks – IRCv3|url=https://ircv3.net/support/networks.html|access-date=9 August 2019|date=2019}}</ref>

After its golden era during the 1990s and early 2000s (240,000 users on QuakeNet in 2004), IRC has seen a significant decline, losing around 60% of users between 2003 and 2012, with users moving to newer [[social media]] platforms like [[Facebook]] or [[Twitter]],<ref name="pingdom">{{cite web|url=http://royal.pingdom.com/2012/04/24/irc-is-dead-long-live-irc/|title=IRC is dead, long live IRC|date=24 April 2012|website=Pingdom|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815064620/http://royal.pingdom.com/2012/04/24/irc-is-dead-long-live-irc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> but also to open platforms like [[XMPP]] which was developed in 1999. Certain networks like [[Freenode]] have not followed the overall trend and have more than quadrupled in size during the same period.<ref name="pingdom" /> As of 2016, Freenode is the largest IRC network with around 90,000 users.<ref>{{cite web|title=netsplit.de top 10|url=http://irc.netsplit.de/networks/top10.php|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

The largest IRC networks have traditionally been grouped as the "Big Four"<ref name="the book of irc">{{cite book
 |last      = Charalabidis
 |first     = Alex
 |title     = The Book of IRC: The Ultimate Guide to Internet Relay Chat
 |url-access = registration
 |edition   = 1st
 |date      = 15 December 1999
 |publisher = No Starch Press
 |location  = [[San Francisco, California]]
 |isbn      = 978-1-886411-29-6
 |page      = [https://archive.org/details/bookofirc00char/page/61 61]
 |chapter   = IRCing On The Macintosh: Ircle
 |quote     = On large networks such as the Big Four{{mdash}} EFnet, IRCnet, Undernet, and DALnet{{mdash}} trying to list the thousands of channels with Ircle always causes you to disconnect due to the flood of information, while other clients can usually manage the feat, if you are on a direct Ethernet connection.
 |url       = https://archive.org/details/bookofirc00char
}}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia of new media">{{cite book
| editor-last = Jones
| editor-first = Steve
| title       = Encyclopedia of New Media: An Essential Reference to Communication and Technology
| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofne00jone
| url-access = registration
| edition     = 1st
| date        = 10 December 2002
| publisher   = [[SAGE Publications]]
| location    = [[Thousand Oaks, California]]
| isbn        = 978-0-7619-2382-4
| page        = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofne00jone/page/257 257]
| chapter     = Internet Relay Chat
| quote       = Today there are hundreds of independent IRC networks, but the "Big Four" are EFNet, UnderNet, Dalnet, and IRCnet.
}}</ref><ref name="the imac book">{{cite book
| last        = Rittner
| first       = Don
| title       = The iMac Book
| edition     = 1st
| date        = 3 March 1999
| publisher   = Coriolis Group
| location    = [[Scottsdale, Arizona]]
| isbn        = 978-1-57610-429-3
| page        = 215
| quote       = There are several large networks: EFnet, UnderNET, DALnet, and IRCnet make up the Big Four.
}}</ref><ref name="information technology for management">{{cite book
| last1       = Turban
| first1      = Efraim
| last2       = Leidner
| first2      = Dorothy
| last3       = McLean
| first3      = Ephraim
| last4       = Wetherbe
| first4      = James
| title       = Information Technology for Management: Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy
| edition     = 5th
| date        = 7 February 2005
| publisher   = [[John Wiley & Sons]]
| location    = [[Hoboken, New Jersey]]
| isbn        = 978-0-471-70522-2
| pages       = 106&nbsp;– 107
| chapter     = Communication
| quote       = The largest networks have traditionally been grouped as the "Big Four": EFNet, IrcNet, QuakeNet, and UnderNet.
}}</ref>—a designation for networks that top the statistics. The Big Four networks change periodically, but due to the community nature of IRC there are a large number of other networks for users to choose from.

Historically the "Big Four" were:<ref name="the book of irc" /><ref name="encyclopedia of new media" /><ref name="the imac book" />
* [[EFnet]]
* [[IRCnet]]
* [[Undernet]]
* [[DALnet]]

IRC reached 6 million simultaneous users in 2001 and 10 million users in 2003, dropping to 371k in 2018.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

{{As of|October 2018}}, the largest IRC networks are:
* [[freenode]]&nbsp;– around 90k users at peak hours
* [[IRCnet]]&nbsp;– around 30k users at peak hours
* [[EFnet]]&nbsp;– around 18k users at peak hours
* [[Undernet]]&nbsp;– around 17k users at peak hours
* [[QuakeNet]]&nbsp;– around 15k users at peak hours
* [[Rizon]]&nbsp;– around 14k users at peak hours
* [[Open and Free Technology Community|OFTC]]&nbsp;– around 13k users at peak hours
* [[DALnet]]&nbsp;– around 8k users at peak hours

Today, the top 100 IRC networks have around 370k users connected at peak hours.<ref name="netsplitde-top100">{{cite web |url=http://irc.netsplit.de/networks/top100.php |title=IRC Networks&nbsp;– Top 100 |website=irc.netsplit.de |publisher=netsplit.de |access-date=29 October 2018 }}</ref> <!-- Unconfirmed as of 8 November 2015, freenode etc. missing from the reference -->

===XMPP===
{{Distinguish||text=[[XAMPP]], a web server software stack, or [[Extreme Memory Profile|Extreme Memory Profile (XMP)]], a memory overclocking standard}}
{{short description|Communications protocol for message-oriented middleware}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
'''Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol''' ('''XMPP''') is a [[communication protocol]] for [[message-oriented middleware]] based on [[XML]] (Extensible Markup Language).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnomis.org/presentasjoner/oslo2005/xmpp.pdf |title=XMPP as MOM – Greater NOrdic MIddleware Symposium (GNOMIS) |first=Leif |last=Johansson |publisher=University of Stockholm |date=April 18, 2005 |place=Oslo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012207/http://www.gnomis.org/presentasjoner/oslo2005/xmpp.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }}</ref> It enables the near-real-time exchange of structured yet [[extensibility|extensible]] data between any two or more network entities.<ref>{{Cite IETF | title = Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core | rfc = 6120 | last1 = Saint-Andre | first1 = P. |date=March 2011 | publisher = [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] | accessdate = May 4, 2014}}</ref> Originally named '''Jabber''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac49/ac0/ac1/ac258/JabberInc.html |title=Jabber Inc |publisher=Cisco.com |access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref> the protocol was developed by the eponymous open-source community in 1999 for [[real-time computing|near real-time]] [[instant messaging]] (IM), [[presence information]], and [[contact list]] maintenance. Designed to be [[Extensibility|extensible]], the protocol has been used also for publish-subscribe systems, signalling for [[Voice over IP|VoIP]], video, [[file transfer]], [[Game|gaming]], the [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] (IoT) applications such as the [[smart grid]], and [[social networking service]]s.

Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP is defined in an [[open standard]] and uses an [[open system (computing)|open systems]] approach of development and application, by which anyone may implement an XMPP service and interoperate with other organizations' implementations. Because XMPP is an open protocol, implementations can be developed using any software license and many server, client, and library implementations are distributed as [[free and open-source software]]. Numerous [[freeware]] and [[commercial software]] implementations also exist.

The [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) formed an XMPP [[working group]] in 2002 to formalize the core protocols as an IETF instant messaging and presence technology. The XMPP Working group produced four specifications (RFC 3920, RFC 3921, RFC 3922, RFC 3923), which were approved as Proposed Standards in 2004. In 2011, RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 were superseded by RFC 6120 and RFC 6121 respectively, with RFC 6122 specifying the XMPP address format. In 2015, RFC 6122 was superseded by RFC 7622. In addition to these core protocols standardized at the IETF, the [[XMPP Standards Foundation]] (formerly the Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions.

XMPP-based software is deployed widely across the Internet, and by 2003, was used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the [[XMPP Standards Foundation]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://xmpp.org/xsf/press/2003-09-22.shtml |title=Jabber Instant Messaging User Base Surpasses ICQ |publisher=[[XMPP Standards Foundation]] |date=September 22, 2003 |access-date=November 30, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103080257/http://www.xmpp.org/xsf/press/2003-09-22.shtml |archive-date=November 3, 2007 }}</ref>

{{IPstack}}

==SMS texting apps==
Below are apps that are used for texting via SMS. Generally, these apps offer  various features for expanded messaging, or group texts; however, all messages are received by others as regular SMS text messages.

===Textfree===

Textfree (formerly Pinger) is an application made by [[Pinger]] that allows users to text and call over the internet for free or for a price. The application runs on [[iOS]],<ref>[http://www.apppicker.com/app-review/textfree-pinger-text-free-call-free-worldwide-messenger-top-100-app-reviews/ Textfree is now Pinger App Review]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, AppPicker</ref> [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Macintosh]] devices. Competitors include GOGII, Optini and [[WhatsApp]].

==Stand-alone messaging platforms==
Below are stand-alone apps that are generally focused upon instant messaging as their core feature; however, almost all of these also include numerous distinct additional features such as group chats, video calls, emojis, etc.

These apps do not use SMS messaging; rather, users of this app receive messages through the app interface, not through SMS texting.

===Dingtone===
Dingtone is an application made by Dingtone that allows users to text and call over the internet for free or for a price. The application runs on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[IOS]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Macintosh]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dingtone Desktop App for Mac and PC {{!}} Manage Multiple Dingtone Accounts |url=https://webcatalog.io/apps/dingtone/ |website=WebCatalog |access-date=9 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Google Voice===
[[Google Voice]] is a [[telephone]] service that provides [[call forwarding]] and [[voicemail]] services, voice and text messaging.

Google Voice provides a U.S. telephone number, chosen by the user from available numbers in selected area codes, free of charge to each user account. Calls to this number are forwarded to telephone numbers that each user must configure in the account web portal. Multiple destinations may be specified that ring simultaneously for incoming calls. Service establishment requires a United States telephone number. A user may answer and receive calls on any of the ringing phones as configured in the [[web portal]]. During a received call the user may switch between the configured telephones.<ref name="pogue2"/>

Users {{As of|2010|12|alt=in the U.S.}} may place outbound calls to domestic and international destinations. Calls may be initiated from any of the configured telephones, as well as from a mobile device app, or from the account portal.<ref name="pogue2">{{cite news|last=Pogue|first=David|title=One Number to Ring Them All|work=The New York Times|date=March 11, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/technology/personaltech/12pogue.html}}</ref> As of August 2011, users in many other countries also may place outbound calls from the web-based application to domestic and international phone numbers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Voice Blog|date=August 2, 2011|url=http://googlevoiceblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/calling-from-gmail-now-in-38-languages.html|access-date=August 4, 2011|quote=Calling from Gmail now in 38 languages, with lower rates to over 150 destinations.}}</ref>

Many other Google Voice services—such as [[voicemail]], free text messaging, call history, [[call screening]], blocking of unwanted calls, and [[speech recognition|voice transcription]] to text of voicemail messages—are also available to {{As of|2010|12|alt=U.S. residents}}.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Google Voice
|url= https://www.google.com/googlevoice/about.html
|access-date= August 21, 2009}}</ref> In terms of product integration, transcribed and audio voicemails, missed call notifications, and/or text messages can optionally be forwarded to an email account of the user's choice. Additionally, text messages can be sent and received via the familiar email or IM interface by reading and writing text messages in numbers in [[Google Talk]] respectively (PC-to-Phone texting). Google Voice multi-way videoconferencing (with support for document sharing) is now integrated with [[Google]] Hangouts.<ref>{{cite web |title= Google+ Hangouts (Videoconferencing) |url= https://www.google.com/+/learnmore/hangouts/ |access-date= July 16, 2012}}</ref>

The service is configured and maintained by the user in a web-based application, styled after Google's e-mail service, [[Gmail]], or with Android and iOS apps on smart phones or tablets. Google Voice {{As of|2010|12|alt=currently}} provides free PC-to-phone calling within the United States and Canada, and PC-to-PC voice and video calling worldwide between users of the Google+ Hangouts browser plugin (available for Windows, Intel-based Mac OS X, and Linux).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/chat/video |title=Google voice and video chat |access-date=January 3, 2010}}</ref>

===GroupMe===
[[GroupMe]] works by downloading the [[Mobile app|app]] or accessing the service online, and then forming an account by providing your name, cell phone number and a password, or you can connect through your [[Facebook]] or [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groupme.com/|title=GroupMe – Group text messaging with GroupMe}}</ref> The service then syncs with your contacts and from that point forward the user can make groups, limited to 500 members. An individual who is part of an active group has the ability to turn off notifications for the app; users will still receive the message, but will not be notified about it. Each group is given a label and assigned a unique number. Some of the features of the app include the ability to share photos, videos, locations, create events, and [[emojis]] from various packs.

GroupMe has a web client as well as apps for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Phone]], and [[Windows 10]].
Those who do not wish to use the app can still send and receive GroupMe messages through [[Short Message Service|SMS]] (only available in the United States).<ref>{{cite web|title=Do I need a smartphone to use GroupMe?|url=http://help.groupme.com/hc/en-us/articles/217104147|access-date=2020-08-06|website=GroupMe Support|language=en-US}}</ref>
Users begin by creating a "group" and adding contacts. When someone sends a message, everyone in the group can see and respond to it. The app allows users to easily attach and send pictures, documents, videos and web-links as well. Users can also send private messages, but only to users who are also active on the GroupMe app.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jacobsson |first=Sarah |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/250439/groupme_app_review_perfect_for_coordinating_with_friends.html |title=GroupMe App Review: Perfect for Coordinating With Friends &#124; TechHive |publisher=Pcworld.com |date=2012-02-26 |access-date=2013-07-08}}</ref>

GroupMe has been used as a means for studying the usage of messaging clients in educational settings. Use cases include facilitating online course discussions, small group work, and other course communications for both in-person and online sections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gronseth|first1=Susie|last2=Hebert|first2=Waneta|date=2019-01-01|title=GroupMe: Investigating Use of Mobile Instant Messaging in Higher Education Courses|journal=TechTrends|language=en|volume=63|issue=1|pages=15–22|doi=10.1007/s11528-018-0361-y|s2cid=69857201|issn=1559-7075}}</ref> Though unconventional, using GroupMe to facilitate discussion in an environment where students already interact has been found to encourage rhetorical thinking and overall engagement. Researchers have found alternatives for literacy learning as a "legitimate academic genre", given a student population that communicates in a variety of modes. Research around GroupMe furthers the argument that computer-mediated communication is a valuable space for learning in an increasingly globalized society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quang|first=Ly|date=Spring 2020|title=The Case for GroupMe: Rhetorical Thinking Thrives Among Students Using App|url=http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/uploads/1/3/6/8/136889/jlt_v21_1_ly.pdf|journal=Journal of Literacy and Technology|volume=21|issue=1: Spring / Summer 2020|archive-date=July 12, 2020|access-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712013335/http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/uploads/1/3/6/8/136889/jlt_v21_1_ly.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hike Messenger===
[[Hike Messenger]], also called Hike Sticker Chat, is an Indian [[freeware]], [[cross-platform]] [[instant messaging]] (IM), [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) application which was launched on 12 December 2012 by [[Kavin Bharti Mittal]] and is now owned by Hike Private Limited.<ref name="hikeblog">{{cite web |url=http://hike.in/blog/launch/12-12-12-hike-goes-global-win-an-iphone-5/ |title=Hike Launches Globally |publisher=Bharti SoftBank |date=December 12, 2012 |access-date=August 12, 2014 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402081817/http://hike.in/blog/launch/12-12-12-hike-goes-global-win-an-iphone-5/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hike can work offline through SMS and has multi-platform support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/how-to-send-free-sms-581272|title=How to Send Free SMS|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=August 25, 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> The app registration uses standard [[One-time password|one time password]] (OTP) based authentication process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hike-sticker-chat-auto-backup-web-encryption-update-kavin-bharti-mittal-2078416|title=Hike Sticker Chat Gets Auto Backup Feature, Web Client|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> With abundance of low-cost data, Hike decided to go from a single super app strategy to multiple app approach, so that it can focus more on the core messaging capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/kavin-mittals-hike-eyes-mergers-and-acquisitions-for-its-unbundle-strategy/68907468|title=Kavin Mittal's Hike eyes mergers and acquisitions for its 'unbundle' strategy |website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> It has numerous Hikemoji Stickers which can be customized accordingly.From version 6, the [[user-interface]] was revised and the app no longer supports features like news, mobile payment, games or jokes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/kavin-mittal-redraws-game-plan-to-unbundle-hike/article25951733.ece|title=Kavin Mittal redraws game plan, to unbundle Hike|first1=Thomas K. |last1=Thomas |first2=Nandana|last2=James|website=@businessline| date=January 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> As per [[CB Insights]], $1.4 billion is the valuation of Hike<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbinsights.com/research-unicorn-companies|title=The Complete List of Unicorn Countries|website=Meet all of the world's startups valued at $1B+ in our ongoing list of all unicorn companies in the U.S. and abroad.|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> with more than 100 million registered users until August 2016 and 350 employees working from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hike-messenger-launches-hike-id-105644933.html|title=Hike Messenger launches Hike ID, a unique identity that lets users chat without sharing their mobile number|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/whatsapp-rival-hike-on-the-pitfalls-founders-should-avoid.html|title=The 29-year-old CEO of Whatsapp rival Hike on pitfalls founders should avoid|last=Choudhury|first=Saheli Roy|date=2017-07-26|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

===KakaoTalk===
[[KakaoTalk]], commonly referred to as "KaTalk" in South Korea, is a free mobile [[instant messaging]] [[Application software|application]] for [[smartphone]]s with free text and free call features, operated by [[Kakao]] Corporation. It was launched on March 18, 2010, and is currently available on [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Bada OS]], [[BlackBerry]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Nokia Asha]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[macOS]].

As of May 2017, KakaoTalk had 220 million registered and 49 million [[monthly active users]]. It is available in 15 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/kakaotalk/id362057947?mt=8|title=KakaoTalk on the App Store|website=App Store|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> The app is also used by 93% of smartphone owners in [[South Korea]], where it is the number one messaging app.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trutower.com/2013/12/23/kakao-number-of-users-revenues-and-profits-2013/ |title=KakaoTalk on 93 Percent of Smartphones in South Korea, Expecting $200 Million in Revenue – TruTower |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104943/https://www.trutower.com/2013/12/23/kakao-number-of-users-revenues-and-profits-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In addition to free calls and messages,  users can share photos, videos, voice messages, location, URL links as well as contact information. Both one-on-one and group chats are available over [[Wi-Fi]], [[3G]] or [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], and there are no limits to the number of people on a group chat.

Airlines such as Southwest which allow free WhatsApp in flight also have functionality for KaTalk, even though their literature omits to mention same.

The app automatically synchronizes the user's contact list on their smartphones with the contact list on the app to find friends who are on the service. Users can also search for friends by KakaoTalk ID without having to know their phone numbers. The KakaoTalk service also allows its users to export their messages and save them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutower.com/kakaotalk/|title=KakaoTalk TruTower|date=2013-02-06|access-date=2013-02-06}}</ref>

KakaoTalk began as a [[Instant messenger|messenger service]] but has become a platform for the distribution of various third-party content and apps, including hundreds of games, which users can download and play with their friends through the messaging platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/asia/2013/07/16/korean-messaging-app-kakao-talks-games-platform-grossed-311-million-in-h1-2013/|title=Korean messaging app Kakao Talk's games platform grossed $311 million in H1 2013|date=2013-07-16|access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref> Through the "Plus Friend" feature, users can follow brands, media and celebrities to receive exclusive messages, coupons and other real-time information through KakaoTalk chatrooms. Users can also purchase real-life goods through the messenger's "Gifting" platform.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304834704579405232330645204|title=South Korea's Kakao Pushes Boundaries of Social Media|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=2014-02-26|access-date=2014-04-21|last1=Cheng|first1=Jonathan}}</ref>

Besides those listed above, the app has these additional features:

* VoiceTalk, free calls and conference calls (with support for up to five people) 
* Photo, video, location, and contact information sharing
* Polling and scheduling feature for members in the chatroom
* [[K-pop]] & Local Star Friends (Plus Friends)
* Walkie-talkie
* Customizable themes (for iOS and Android)
* Game platform
* Stickers and animated emoticons
*Plus Mate: You can add your favorite brand, star, or media as your friend to receive a variety of content and benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kakaocorp.com/service/KakaoTalk?lang=ko|title=카카오톡|website=kakaocorp.com|language=ko|access-date=2019-03-17}}</ref>

===Kik Messenger===
Kik Messenger, commonly called Kik, is a [[freeware]] [[instant messaging]] [[mobile app]] from the [[Canada|Canadian]] company Kik Interactive, available free of charge on [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] operating systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kikinteractive.zendesk.com/entries/23499123-How-do-I-get-the-Kik-app-|title=How do I get the Kik app|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221220357/https://kikinteractive.zendesk.com/entries/23499123-How-do-I-get-the-Kik-app-|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> It uses a [[smartphone]]'s data plan or [[Wi-Fi]] to transmit and receive messages, photos, videos, sketches, mobile web pages, and other content after users register a username.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Kik Free?|url=https://kikinteractive.zendesk.com/entries/23485821-Is-Kik-free-|access-date=2014-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108065505/https://kikinteractive.zendesk.com/entries/23485821-Is-Kik-free-|archive-date=2014-11-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kik is known for its features preserving users' anonymity, such as allowing users to register without the need to provide a telephone number or valid email address. However, the application does not employ [[end-to-end encryption]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|date=2015-12-21|title=Is Your Messaging App Encrypted?|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/21/11621610/is-your-messaging-app-encrypted|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> and the company also logs user [[IP address]]es, which could be used to determine the user's [[Internet service provider|ISP]] and approximate location.<ref name="dingman">{{cite news |last=Dingman |first=Shane |date=2015-03-16 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/for-fast-growing-chat-apps-child-predators-are-a-pervasive-threat/article23485785/ |title=For Fast-Growing Chat Apps Like Waterloo's Kik, Child Exploitation a Pervasive Threat|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317060634/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/for-fast-growing-chat-apps-child-predators-are-a-pervasive-threat/article23485785/ |archive-date=2015-03-17 | access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.kik.com/assets/Uploads/LEO1-1-Kik-s-Guide-for-Law-Enforcement-September-2016.pdf | title = Kik's Guide for Law Enforcement | work = Kik Messenger | access-date = 2017-01-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113162319/https://www.kik.com/assets/Uploads/LEO1-1-Kik-s-Guide-for-Law-Enforcement-September-2016.pdf | archive-date = 2017-01-13 | url-status = dead }}</ref> This information, as well as "reported" conversations are regularly surrendered upon request by law enforcement organizations,<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Law Enforcement Guide – Law Enforcement Resource Center|url=https://lawenforcement.kik.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039841472-Law-Enforcement-Guide|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008094040/https://lawenforcement.kik.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039841472-Law-Enforcement-Guide|archive-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> sometimes without the need for a [[court order]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Download our Emergency Disclosure Request Form – Law Enforcement Resource Center|url=https://lawenforcement.kik.com/hc/en-us/articles/203421499-Download-our-Emergency-Disclosure-Request-Form|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008093510/https://lawenforcement.kik.com/hc/en-us/articles/203421499-Download-our-Emergency-Disclosure-Request-Form|archive-date=2020-10-08}}</ref>

Kik was originally intended to be a music-sharing app<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-11-22|url=http://www.kik.com/kik_fact_sheet_nov9.pdf|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122133517/http://www.kik.com/kik_fact_sheet_nov9.pdf|archive-date=2009-11-22}}</ref> before transitioning to messaging, briefly offering users the ability to send a limited number of [[SMS]] text messages directly from the application.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-05-13|title=Kik {{!}} Text Anyone for Free|url=http://kik.com/|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513001148/http://kik.com/|archive-date=2010-05-13}}</ref>  During the first 15 days after Kik's re-release as a [[Messaging apps|messaging app]], over 1 million accounts were created.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-11-15|title=Kik Interactive {{!}} Crazy Start-Up World|url=http://www.kik.com/blog/|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115121825/http://www.kik.com/blog/|archive-date=2010-11-15}}</ref>  In May 2016, Kik Messenger announced that they had approximately 300 million registered users, and was used by approximately 40% of United States' teenagers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/11/kik-already-has-over-6000-bots-reaching-300-million-registered-users/ | title = Kik already has over 6,000 bots reaching 300 million registered users | work = Tech Crunch | date = 11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kik adds senior vice president of engineering to scale engineering and product teams|url=https://www.kik.com/blog/kik-adds-senior-vice-president-of-engineering-to-scale-engineering-and-product-t/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.kik.com|language=en|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229015912/https://www.kik.com/blog/kik-adds-senior-vice-president-of-engineering-to-scale-engineering-and-product-t/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kik Messenger announced in October 2019 they had signed a letter of intent with MediaLab AI, followed by the announcement Kik Interactive would be reducing their staff from 100 to just 19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/13/kik-says-its-here-to-stay-following-shutdown-reports/|title=Kik says it's 'here to stay,' following shutdown reports|newspaper=Techcrunch|access-date=December 17, 2020|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013194953/https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/13/kik-says-its-here-to-stay-following-shutdown-reports/|url-status=live}}</ref>  MediaLab owns several [[mobile app]]s, most notably [[Whisper (app)|Whisper]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kik is here to stay!|url=https://www.kik.com/blog/kik-medialab-acquisition/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.kik.com|language=en|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216181827/https://www.kik.com/blog/kik-medialab-acquisition/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A main attraction of Kik that differentiates it from other messaging apps is its anonymity. To register for the Kik service, a user must enter a first and last name, e-mail address, and birth date (which must show that the user is at least 13 years old<ref name=kiksafetyguide020416>{{cite web |url=http://blog.kik.com/2016/02/04/kiks-safety-guide-for-parents/ |title=Kik's Safety Guide for Parents |date=2016-02-04 |website=kik.com |publisher=Kik Interactive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213194432/http://blog.kik.com/2016/02/04/kiks-safety-guide-for-parents/ |archive-date=2016-02-13 |access-date=2016-02-13 |quote=If the birthday entered is for someone younger than 13, the account won’t be registered.}}</ref>), and select a username. The Kik registration process does not request or require the entry of a phone number (although the user has the option to enter one<ref name=kiksafetyguide020416/>), unlike some other messaging services that require a user to provide a functioning mobile phone number.<ref name=dingman/>

''[[The New York Times]]'' has reported that, according to law enforcement, Kik's anonymity features go beyond those of most widely used apps.<ref name="stolberg">{{cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl Gay |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard | date=2016-02-05 |title=Wildly Popular App Kik Offers Teenagers, and Predators, Anonymity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/us/social-media-apps-anonymous-kik-crime.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York City]] |access-date=2016-02-13 }}</ref> As of February 2016, Kik's guide for law enforcement said that the company cannot locate user accounts based on first and last name, e-mail address and/or birth date; the exact username is required to locate a particular account. The guide further said that the company does not have access to content or "historical user data" such as photographs, videos, and the text of conversations, and that photographs and videos are automatically deleted shortly after they are sent. A limited amount of data from a particular account (identified by exact username), including first and last name, birth date, e-mail address, link to a current profile picture, device-related information, and user location information such as the most recently used [[IP address]], can be preserved for a period of 90 days pending receipt of a valid order from law enforcement. Kik's anonymity has also been cited as a protective safety measure for good faith users, in that "users have screennames; the app doesn't share phone numbers or email addresses."<ref name=connectsafely>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date=2014-05-20 |url=http://www.connectsafely.org/kik-messengers-smart-new-safety-features/ |title=Kik Messenger's Smart New Safety Features |website=ConnectSafely.org | publisher=Connect Safely: Smart Socializing Starts Here | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520010107/http://www.connectsafely.org/kik-messengers-smart-new-safety-features |archive-date=2015-05-20 | access-date=2016-02-13 }}</ref>

Kik introduced several new user features in 2015, including a full-screen in-chat browser that allows users to find and share content from the web;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/14/kik-full-browser/#.hbxhvu:qsVF/ |title=Kik Introduces An In-Chat Browser For Its Mobile Messaging App|date=April 14, 2015 |publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref> a feature allowing users to send previously recorded videos in Kik Messenger for Android and iOS; and "Kik Codes", which assigns each user a unique code similar to a [[QR code]], making it easier to connect and chat with other users.<ref>{{cite web|title = Kik Codes launch on Kik Messenger, making it easier to connect with people {{!}} TruTower|url = http://www.trutower.com/2015/09/08/kik-codes-available-ios-android-39248/|website = TruTower|date = September 8, 2015|access-date = 2015-12-17|language = en-us}}</ref> Kik joined the [[Virtual Global Taskforce]], a global anti-child-abuse organization, in March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-10/kik-adds-tools-to-prevent-child-exploitation-on-messaging-app|title=Kik Adds Tools to Prevent Child Exploitation on Messaging App|date=March 10, 2015|first=Sarah|last=Frier|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Kik began using Microsoft's [[PhotoDNA]] in March 2015 to premoderate images added by users.<ref name="dingman" /> That same month, Kik released native video capture allowing users to record up to 15 seconds in the chat window.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/04/kik-native-video-capture/|title=Chat App Kik Adds Native Video In Step Towards More Interactive Content|first=Jon|last=Russell|date=March 4, 2015|publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> In October 2015, Kik partnered with the [[Ad Council]] as part of an anti-bullying campaign. The campaign was featured on the app and Kik released stickers in collaboration with the campaign.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://digiday.com/brands/adobe-gsp-ad-council-introduce-eye-emoji-new-anti-bullying-campaign/|title=Adobe, GS&P and Ad Council introduce eye emoji for new anti-bullying campaign|first=Tanya|last=Dua|date=October 22, 2015|magazine=[[Digiday]]}}</ref> Kik released a feature to send GIFs as emojis in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/16/chat-app-kiks-newest-feature-makes-sending-gifs-as-easy-as-emoji/|title=Chat App Kik's Newest Feature Makes Sending GIFs As Easy As Emoji|date=November 16, 2015|first=Jon|last=Russell|publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> Kik added SafePhoto to its safety features in October 2016 which "detects, reports, and deletes known child exploitation images" sent through the platform. Kik partnered with ConnectSafely in 2016 to produce a "parents handbook" and joined The Technology Coalition, an anti-sexual exploitation group including [[Facebook]], [[Google]], [[Twitter]] and [[LinkedIn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/13/kik-steps-up-efforts-to-keep-teen-users-safe/|title=Kik steps up efforts to keep teen users safe|first=Khari|last=Johnson|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=Venture Beat}}</ref>

===Line===
[[Line (software)|Line]] (styled in all caps as '''LINE''') is a [[freeware]] app for [[instant messaging|instant communications]] on [[Electronics|electronic devices]] such as [[smartphone]]s, [[tablet computer]]s, and [[personal computer]]s. Line users exchange [[text message|texts]], [[computer graphics|images]], video and audio, and conduct free [[Voice over IP|VoIP]] conversations and video conferences. In addition, Line is a platform providing various services including [[digital wallet]] as Line Pay, [[news]] stream as Line Today, [[video on demand]] as Line TV, and digital [[comic]] distribution as Line Manga and Line Webtoon. The service is operated by [[Line Corporation]], a [[Tokyo]]-based subsidiary of [[South Korea]]n internet search engine company [[Naver Corporation]].

Line is an application that works on multiple platforms and has access via multiple personal computers (Windows or macOS). The application will also give an option of address book syncing. This application also has a feature to add friends through the use of QR codes, by Line ID, and by shaking phones simultaneously. The application has a direct pop-out message box for reading and replying to make it easy for users to communicate. It also can share photos, videos and music with other users, send the current or any specific location, voice audio, emojis, stickers and emoticons to friends. Users can see a real-time confirmation when messages are sent and received or use a hidden chat feature, which can hide and delete a chat history (from both involved devices and Line servers) after a time set by the user.<ref name="Hidden Chats">{{cite web |url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2014/07/22/messaging-app-line-gets-serious-privacy-telegram-inspired-hidden-chat-feature/ |title=Messaging app Line gets serious about privacy with Telegram-inspired 'hidden chat' feature |first=Jon|last=Russel |date=22 July 2014 |publisher=TheNextWeb |access-date=24 November 2014 }}</ref> The application also makes free voice and video calls.

Users can also chat and share media in a group by creating and joining groups that have up to 500 people. Chats also provide bulletin boards on which users can post, like, and comment. This application also has timeline and homepage features that allow users to post pictures, text and stickers on their homepages. Users can also change their Line theme to the theme Line provides in the theme shop for free or users can buy other famous cartoon characters they like. Line also has a feature, called a Snap movie, that users can use to record a stop-motion video and add in provided background music.

In January 2015, ''Line Taxi'' was released in Tokyo as a competitor to [[Uber]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vincent|first1=James|title=Japanese messaging app Line has launched a taxi service in Tokyo|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/8/7513161/line-taxi-launches-in-japan-to-battle-Uber|access-date=3 September 2015|work=The Verge|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Dave|title=Line Taxi launches, gives Uber first major challenger in Japan|url=https://www.techinasia.com/line-taxi-launch/|access-date=3 September 2015|work=Tech In Asia|date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kosoff|first1=Maya|title=This Japanese Messaging App Is Launching Its Own Taxi Service To Take On Uber|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/line-messaging-app-taxi-service-2015-1|access-date=3 September 2015|work=Business Insider|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Line launched a new android app called "Popcorn buzz" in June 2015. The app facilitates group calls with up to 200 members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://previewtech.net/popcorn-buzz-app-line/|title=Popcorn Buzz app launched by Line. Can do group call|date=June 5, 2015|access-date=December 10, 2020|archive-date=October 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018184009/https://previewtech.net/popcorn-buzz-app-line/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June a new Emoji keyboard was also released for iOS devices, which provides a Line-like experience with the possibility to add stickers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/17/you-wont-use-our-messaging-app-so-heres-a-funky-keyboard/|title=Line Takes Aims At The U.S. Market With An Emoji Keyboard App For iOS|first=Jon|last=Russell|date=June 17, 2015 }}</ref> In September 2015 a new Android launcher was released on the Play Store, helping the company to promote its own services through the new user interface.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/31/messaging-firm-line-introduces-a-launcher-app-for-android-devices/|title=Messaging Firm Line Introduces A Launcher App For Android Devices|first=Jon|last=Russell|date=September 2015 }}</ref>

===Signal===
[[Signal (messaging app)|Signal]] is a [[Cross-platform software|cross-platform]] [[encryption|encrypted]] [[messaging app|messaging service]] developed by the [[Signal Foundation]] and [[Signal Messenger LLC]]. It uses the Internet to send one-to-one and group messages, which can include files, voice notes, images and videos.<ref name="arbitrary-file-types">{{cite tweet |user=signalapp |number=859125874901135360 |date=1 May 2017 |title= Today's Signal release for Android, iOS, and Desktop includes the ability to send arbitrary file types.|accessdate=5 November 2018 }}</ref> It can also be used to make one-to-one voice and video calls, and the Android version can optionally function as an SMS app.<ref name="Mott-2017-03-14">{{cite web|last1=Mott|first1=Nathaniel|title=Signal's Encrypted Video Calling For iOS, Android Leaves Beta|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/signal-encrypted-video-calling-ios-android,33898.html|website=Tom's Hardware|publisher=Purch Group, Inc.|date=14 March 2017|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> <!---- <ref name="desktop-v1.35.1"/><ref name="Frosch 2016"/> ---->

Signal uses standard cellular [[telephone number]]s as identifiers and secures all communications to other Signal users with [[end-to-end encryption]]. The apps include mechanisms by which users can independently verify the identity of their contacts and the integrity of the data channel. <!----<ref name="Frosch 2016"/><ref name="Schröder-2016"/> --->

===Snapchat===

Snapchat sends messages referred to as "snaps"; snaps can consist of a photo or a short video, and can be edited to include filters and effects, text captions, and drawings.<ref name="pocketlint-7tips">{{cite web|title=7 Snapchat tips and tricks you probably had no clue about|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/132491-7-snapchat-tips-and-tricks-you-probably-had-no-clue-about|website=Pocket-lint|access-date=December 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Snapchat Hands-on: Send Photos Set to Self-Destruct|url=http://blog.laptopmag.com/hands-on-with-snapchat-send-photos-set-to-self-destruct|work=Laptop|publisher=TechMedia Network|access-date=September 15, 2013|last=Alba|first=Davey|author-link=Davey Alba |date=May 16, 2012}}</ref> Snaps can be directed privately to selected contacts, or to a semi-public "Story" or a public "Story" called "Our Story."<ref name="tc-stories">{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Snapchat Gets Its Own Timeline With Snapchat Stories, 24-Hour Photo & Video Tales |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/03/snapchat-gets-its-own-timeline-with-snapchat-stories-24-hour-photo-video-tales/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 3, 2013 |access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> The ability to send video snaps was added as a feature option in December 2012. By holding down on the photo button while inside the app, a video of up to ten seconds in length can be captured. Spiegel explained that this process allowed the video data to be compressed into the size of a photo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jjcolao/2012/12/14/snapchat-adds-video-now-seeing-50-million-photos-a-day/|title=Snapchat Adds Video, Now Seeing 50 Million Photos A Day|last=Colao|first=J.J.|date=December 14, 2012|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref>  A later update allowed the ability to record up to 60 seconds, but are still segmented into 10 second intervals. After a single viewing, the video disappears by default. On May 1, 2014, the ability to communicate via [[Videotelephony|video chat]] was added. Direct messaging features were also included in the update, allowing users to send [[ephemerality|ephemeral]] text messages to friends and family while saving any needed information by clicking on it.<ref name="verge-snapchatchat">{{cite web |first=Ellis |last=Hamburger |title=Real talk: the new Snapchat brilliantly mixes video and texting |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5670260/real-talk-the-new-snapchat-makes-texting-fun-again-video-calls |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=May 1, 2014 |access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Romain |last=Dillet |title=Snapchat Adds Ephemeral Text Chat And Video Calls |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/01/snapchat-adds-text-chat-and-video-calls/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 1, 2014 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> According to CIO, Snapchat uses real-time marketing concepts and temporality to make the app appealing to users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cio.com/article/3043043/marketing/why-snapchat-is-the-next-big-thing-in-digital-marketing.html|title=Why Snapchat is the next big thing in digital marketing|website=CIO|date=March 11, 2016|publisher=Matt Kapko|access-date=March 17, 2018|archive-date=November 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106235552/https://www.cio.com/article/3043043/marketing/why-snapchat-is-the-next-big-thing-in-digital-marketing.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Marketing Pro, Snapchat attracts interest and potential customers by combining the [[AIDA (marketing)]] model with modern digital technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketingprofs.com/opinions/2015/27431/attention-interest-desire-action-using-aida-for-social-media|title=Attention, Interest, Desire, Action: Using AIDA for Social Media|website=MarketingProfs|publisher=Sarah Green|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref>

Private message photo snaps can be viewed for a user-specified length of time (1 to 10 seconds as determined by the sender) before they become inaccessible. Users were previously required to hold down on the screen in order to view a snap; this behavior was removed in July 2015<ref name="verge-nomoreholding">{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Sheffer |title=Snapchat is changing the way you watch snaps and add friends |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/1/8861131/snapchat-update-2015-tap-to-play-story |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> The requirement to hold on the screen was intended to frustrate the ability to take [[screenshot]]s of snaps; the Snapchat app does not prevent screenshots from being taken but can notify the sender if it detects that it has been saved. However, these notifications can be bypassed through either unauthorized modifications to the app or by obtaining the image through external means.<ref name="Forbes, touch">{{cite web |first=J.J. |last=Colao |title=Snapchat: The Biggest No-Revenue Mobile App Since Instagram |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jjcolao/2012/11/27/snapchat-the-biggest-no-revenue-mobile-app-since-instagram/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=November 27, 2012 |access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="TC, billion snaps">{{cite web |first=Billy |last=Gallagher |title=You Know What's Cool? A Billion Snapchats: App Sees Over 20 Million Photos Shared Per Day, Releases On Android |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/10/29/billion-snapchats/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 29, 2012 |access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="All Things, text overlay">{{cite news|title=Fast-Growing Photo-Messaging App Snapchat Launches on Android|url=http://allthingsd.com/20121029/fast-growing-photo-messaging-app-snapchat-launches-on-android/|access-date=December 22, 2012|newspaper=All Things D|date=October 29, 2012|last=Gannes|first=Liz }}</ref> One snap per day can be replayed for free.<ref name="wired-replay"/> In September 2015, Snapchat introduced the option to purchase additional replays through [[Microtransaction|in-app purchases]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Hockenson |title=Snapchat Replay? You can now pay Snapchat to replay snaps! |url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/09/15/snapchats-latest-update-brings-selfie-lenses-paid-replays/ |website=The Next Web |date=September 15, 2015 |access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="wired-replay">{{cite journal |first=Brian |last=Barrett |title=Snapchat Now Charges if You Want to Replay Snaps |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/snapchat-replay-paid |journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]  |date=September 15, 2015 |access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sean |last=O'Kane |title=Snapchat now lets you pay to replay snaps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/15/9330955/snapchat-replay-snaps-paid-in-app |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=September 15, 2015 |access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref> The ability to purchase extra replays was removed in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Heath |title=Snapchat quietly made a big change to the way messages expire |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-lets-you-reply-to-every-snap-once-2016-4 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |date=April 22, 2016 |access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Jordan |last=Valinsky |title=Snapchat quietly kills in-app purchase option |url=https://digiday.com/media/snapchat-shelves-snap-replays/ |magazine=[[Digiday]] |date=April 22, 2016 |access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref>

Friends can be added via usernames and phone contacts, using customizable "[[Aztec Code|Snapcodes]]," or through the "Add Nearby" function, which scans for users near their location who are also in the Add Nearby menu.<ref name="verge-nomoreholding"/><ref name="whatshouldmarketers">{{cite web|title=What marketers should know about Snapchat|url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/1186152/sexting-branding-marketers-know-snapchat-nickykc/|work=Brand Republic|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group]]|access-date=July 21, 2013|last=Kemp| first=Nicola |date=June 13, 2013}}</ref> Spiegel explained that Snapchat is intended to counteract the trend of users being compelled to manage an idealized [[online identity]] of themselves, which he says has "taken all of the fun out of communicating."<ref name="Forbes, touch" />

===Tango===

Tango is a third-party,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gottabemobile.com/2013/03/20/american-law-enforcement-wants-carriers-to-save-your-incriminating-text- |title=American law enforcement wants carriers to save your incriminating text messages |last=Nguyen |first=Chuong |date=March 20, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> [[cross platform]] messaging [[application software]]<ref name="Pariseau">{{cite web |url= http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/news/2240179690/Private-cloud-to-public-cloud-migration-gets-easier-but-obstacles-remain |title=Private cloud to public cloud migration gets easier, but obstacles remain |last= Pariseau |first= Beth |date=March 15, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> for [[smartphones]] developed by TangoME, Inc.<ref name="Pariseau"/> in 2009. The app is free and began as one of the first provider of video calls, voice calls, texting, photo sharing, and games on a 3G network.<ref name="Pariseau" /><ref name="Fitchard">{{cite web|url=http://gigaom.com/2013/03/19/textme-tries-to-recreate-skype-as-a-mobile-first-app/|title=TextMe tries to recreate Skype as a mobile-first app|last=Fitchard|first=Kevin|date=March 19, 2013|access-date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=August 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812122154/https://gigaom.com/2013/03/19/textme-tries-to-recreate-skype-as-a-mobile-first-app/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dredge" /><ref name="Moscaritolo" />

As of 2018, Tango has more than 400 million registered users.<ref name="Perez2">{{cite web|url=https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/tango-facts-statistics/|title=12 Tango Facts and Statistics (2020)By the Numbers|last=Smith|first=Craig|date=July 1, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524045035/http://www.thefullsignal.com/products/13846/tango-app-hits-100-million-users-launches-ipad-app|archive-date=May 24, 2013|access-date=May 14, 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Loeb">{{cite web|url=http://vator.tv/news/2013-03-14-asian-messaging-platform-line-sees-100m-game-downloads#VBqi9LDC5hsDSi8t.99|title=Asian messaging platform Line sees 100M game downloads|last=Loeb|first=Steven|date=March 14, 2013|access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tango.me/2014/03/200-million-members/ |title=200 Million Members! - Tango - FREE voice, video, & text over 3G, 4G, & WiFi! |access-date=May 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403213224/http://www.tango.me/2014/03/200-million-members/ |archive-date=April 3, 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/message-me-1-million-users/|title=MessageMe picks up 1 million users in 12 days, no thanks to Facebook |first=Francis |last=Bea |date=March 19, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dredge">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/appsblog/2013/mar/08/best-iphone-ipad-apps-real-racing-3-marvel-unlimited |title=30 best iPhone and iPad apps this week |last=Dredge |first=Stuart |date=March 8, 2013 |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> It was rated by [[PC Magazine|PCMag]] as "the simplest mobile chat application out there, with a good range of support."<ref name="Moscaritolo">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2416345,00.asp |title=Video chat app tango hits 100m users, adds iPad support |last=Moscaritolo |first=Angela |date=March 7, 2013 |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, Tango entered the live-streaming space, and has become a B2C platform for Live Video Broadcasts. Combining high-quality video streaming, a live messaging chat and a digital economy, Tango is a social community that allows content creators to share their talents and monetize their fans and followers.

Tango is available in many languages including Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Hindi and Vietnamese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techworld.com/picture-gallery/apps-wearables/best-free-software-for-video-calling-3685869/|title=Best free software for video calling|last=Williams|first=Hannah|website=Techworld|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007182707/https://www.techworld.com/picture-gallery/apps-wearables/best-free-software-for-video-calling-3685869/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Telegram===
[[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] provides the following features, as detailed below.<ref>[https://telegram.org/evolution The Evolution of Telegram], official website.</ref>

* Group threads: up to 200,000 members <ref>[https://telegram.org/faq#groups-and-channels Groups and Channels], official website FAQ.</ref> 
* Groups and channels: provides numerous official channels for various organizations. Has an internal search feature to enable searches to find various official outlets.

Telegram is a [[Cross-platform software|cross-platform]] [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-based [[instant messaging]], [[Videotelephony|video calling]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Video Calls and Seven Years of Telegram |url=https://telegram.org/blog/video-calls |website=Telegram company website |date=August 14, 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> and [[voice over IP|VoIP]] service. It was initially launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 in Russia, and is currently based in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-08-30|title=Russia's Zuckerberg launches Telegram, a new instant messenger service|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS74722569420130830|access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Telegram, A Secure Messaging App From The Founders Of VK, Russia's Largest Social Network – TechCrunch|date=October 28, 2013 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/|access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Nobody can block it': how the Telegram app fuels global protest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/nov/07/nobody-can-block-it-how-telegram-app-fuels-global-protest|access-date=2020-11-07|website=The Guardian|date=November 7, 2020}}</ref> Telegram [[Client–server model|client]] apps are available for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[Linux]], web interface is also available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.telegram.org |title=Telegram Web |publisher=Web.telegram.org |date= |accessdate=2022-06-10}}</ref> As of April 2020, Telegram reached 400 million monthly active users.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|title=Telegram hits 400M monthly active users|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/24/telegram-hits-400-million-monthly-active-users/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=TechCrunch|date=April 24, 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717013304/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/24/telegram-hits-400-million-monthly-active-users/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=400 Million Users, 20,000 Stickers, Quizzes 2.0 and €400K for Creators of Educational Tests|url=https://telegram.org/blog/400-million|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Telegram}}</ref>

Telegram provides [[End-to-end encryption|end-to-end encrypted]] calls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.telegram.org/techfaq#q-how-are-voice-calls-authenticated|title=FAQ for the Technically Inclined|website=core.telegram.org|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats between two online users on smartphone clients, whereas cloud chats use client-server/ server-client encryption.  
Users can send text and voice messages, animated stickers, make voice and video calls, and share an unlimited number of images, documents(2GB per file), user locations, contacts, music, links etc.

Since March 2017, Telegram introduced its own [[voice call]]s. According to Telegram, there is a [[Artificial neural network|neural network]] working to learn various technical parameters about a call to provide better quality of the service for future uses. After a brief initial trial in Western Europe, voice calls are now available for use in most countries.<ref name="Telegram Voice Calls">{{Citation|url=https://telegram.org/blog/calls|publisher=Telegram|title=Voice Calls: Secure, Crystal-Clear, AI-Powered|date=30 March 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

Telegram announced in April 2020 that they would include group video calls by the end of the year.<ref name=":5"/> On 15 August 2020, Telegram added video calling with end-to-end encryption like Signal and WhatsApp, which Zoom does not have yet.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Flaherty|first=Kate|title=Telegram Just Launched A Major New Feature To Beat Zoom|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/08/16/telegram-just-launched-a-major-new-feature-to-beat-zoom/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Currently offering one-to-one video calls, Telegram has plans to introduce secure group video calls later in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telegram.org/blog/video-calls|title = Video Calls and Seven Years of Telegram|date = August 14, 2020}}</ref> Picture-in-picture mode is also available so that users have the option to simultaneously use the other functions of the app while still remaining on the call and are even able to turn their video off.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lyons|first=Kim|date=2020-08-15|title=Telegram launches one-on-one video calls on iOS and Android|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/15/21370420/telegram-video-calls-os-android|access-date=2020-09-03|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

Telegram's video and voice calls are secure and end-to-end encrypted.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ for the Technically Inclined|url=https://core.telegram.org/techfaq#q-how-are-voice-calls-authenticated|access-date=2020-10-30|website=core.telegram.org}}</ref>

===Viber===
Rakuten Viber, or simply [[Viber]], is a [[cross-platform]] [[voice over IP]] (VoIP) and [[instant messaging]] (IM) software application operated by Japanese multinational company [[Rakuten]], provided as [[freeware]] for the [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[Linux]] platforms. Users are registered and identified through a [[cellular network|cellular telephone number]], although the service is accessible on desktop platforms without needing mobile connectivity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lifewire.com/viber-app-review-3426625|title=Viber App Review – Free Voice and Video Calls and Messaging|first=Nadeem |last=Unuth |website=Lifewire}}</ref> In addition to instant messaging it allows users to [[file transfer|exchange]] media such as images and video records, and also provides a paid international landline and mobile calling service called Viber Out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lifewire.com/viber-out-review-3426597|title=Viber Out Review – How Good Is Viber for Paid Calling?|website=Lifewire}}</ref> As of 2018, there are over a billion registered users on the network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316414/viber-messenger-registered-users/|title=Viber: number of registered users 2018 |website=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viber.com/about/|title=About Viber|website=Viber}}</ref>

===WeChat===
[[WeChat]] is a Chinese multi-purpose [[messaging apps|messaging]], [[social media]] and [[mobile payment]] [[mobile app|app]] developed by [[Tencent]]. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile app in 2018,<ref>[http://www.techinasia.com/messaging-apps-should-reveal-monthly-active-users/ It's time for messaging apps to quit the bullshit numbers and tell us how many users are active] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729205420/http://www.techinasia.com/messaging-apps-should-reveal-monthly-active-users/ |date=29 July 2014 }}. techinasia.com. 23 January 2014. Steven Millward.</ref><ref name = TheEconomist>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21703428-chinas-wechat-shows-way-social-medias-future-wechats-world|title=WeChat's world|date=16 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401045857/https://www.economist.com/business/2016/08/06/wechats-world|archive-date=1 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> with over 1 billion monthly [[active users]].<ref>{{cite news|title=WeChat now has over 1 billion active monthly users worldwide · TechNode|url=https://technode.com/2018/03/05/wechat-1-billion-users/|work=TechNode|date=5 March 2018|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407153530/https://technode.com/2018/03/05/wechat-1-billion-users/|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tencent's Profit Is Better Than Expected|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-15/tencent-s-profit-beats-as-ad-sales-growth-complements-gaming|work=Bloomberg.com|date=15 November 2017|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115135426/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-15/tencent-s-profit-beats-as-ad-sales-growth-complements-gaming|archive-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=WeChat users pass 900 million as app becomes integral part of Chinese lifestyle|url=http://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/11/15/wechat-users-pass-900-million-app-becomes-integral-part-chinese-lifestyle|work=The Drum|language=en|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185749/http://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/11/15/wechat-users-pass-900-million-app-becomes-integral-part-chinese-lifestyle|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> WeChat has been described as [[China]]'s "app for everything" and a "super app" because of its wide range of functions.<ref>{{cite news|title=How WeChat Became China's App For Everything|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3065255/china-wechat-tencent-red-envelopes-and-social-money|work=Fast Company|date=2 January 2017|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135948/https://www.fastcompany.com/3065255/china-wechat-tencent-red-envelopes-and-social-money|archive-date=3 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> WeChat provides text messaging, hold-to-talk voice messaging, broadcast (one-to-many) messaging, video conferencing, video games, sharing of photographs and videos, and location sharing.

WeChat provides text messaging, hold-to-talk voice messaging, [[broadcast]] (one-to-many) messaging, video calls and conferencing, video games, photograph and video sharing, as well as location sharing.<ref>{{YouTube|VAesMQ6VtK8|How China Is Changing Your Internet – The New York Times}} Published on 9 August 2016</ref> WeChat also allows users to exchange contacts with people nearby via [[Bluetooth]], as well as providing various features for contacting people at random if desired (if people are open to it). It can also integrate with other [[social networking service]]s such as [[Facebook]] and [[Tencent QQ]].<ref name="WeChat Welcome">{{cite web |url=http://help.wechat.com/cgi-bin/micromsg-bin/oshelpcenter?opcode=2&id=1703037JBzqu1703037vue22 |title=Welcome to WeChat |website=WeChat |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193428/http://help.wechat.com/cgi-bin/micromsg-bin/oshelpcenter?opcode=2&id=1703037JBzqu1703037vue22 |archive-date=12 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Photographs may also be embellished with [[Photographic filter|filters]] and captions, and [[machine translation|automatic translation]] service is available.

WeChat supports different instant messaging methods, including text message, voice message, walkie talkie, and stickers. Users can send previously saved or live pictures and videos, profiles of other users, coupons, lucky money packages, or current GPS locations with friends either individually or in a group chat. WeChat's character stickers, such as [[Tuzki]], resemble and compete with those of [[Line (software)|LINE]], a Japanese-South Korean messaging application.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.88-bar.com/2014/02/the-sticker-wars-wechats-creatives-go-up-against-line/|title=The Sticker Wars: WeChat's creatives go up against Line (updated)|date=5 February 2014|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626083220/http://www.88-bar.com/2014/02/the-sticker-wars-wechats-creatives-go-up-against-line/|archive-date=26 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

WeChat users can register as a public account ({{lang|zh|公众号}}), which enables them to push feeds to subscribers, interact with subscribers and provide them with services. Users can also create an official account, which fall under service, subscription, or enterprise accounts. Once users as individuals or organizations set up a type of account, they cannot change it to another type. By the end of 2014, the number of WeChat official accounts had reached 8 million.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fang|first1=Yu (方雨)|script-title=zh:微信公众号已经进入标配期|url=http://www.bianews.com/news/41/n-440041.html|date=4 November 2014|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312172849/http://www.bianews.com/news/41/n-440041.html|archive-date=12 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Official accounts of organizations can apply to be verified (cost 300 RMB or about US$45). Official accounts can be used as a platform for services such as hospital pre-registrations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/1125/c70731-26089420.html|script-title=zh:北京8家医院年内推出微信挂号服务 可挂专家号|work=people.com.cn|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095635/http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/1125/c70731-26089420.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> visa renewal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tongyue.com/news/201501/88233.html|script-title=zh:港澳通行证续签新"技能"：微信续签送红包！|work=tongyue.com|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320153627/http://www.tongyue.com/news/201501/88233.html|archive-date=20 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> or credit card service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cc.cmbchina.com/Common/Default.aspx?pageid=zxkf1|script-title=zh:信用卡智能"微客服"|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701190308/http://cc.cmbchina.com/Common/Default.aspx?pageid=zxkf1|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> To create an official account, the applicant must register with Chinese authorities, which discourages "foreign companies".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graziani |first1=Thomas |title=WeChat Official Account: a simple guide |url=https://walkthechat.com/wechat-official-account-simple-guide/ |website=Walkthechat |access-date=12 March 2020 |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202090543/https://walkthechat.com/wechat-official-account-simple-guide/ |archive-date=2 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Main|Moments (social networking)}}

"Moments" ({{lang|zh|朋友圈}}) is WeChat's brand name for its social feed of friends' updates. "Moments" is an interactive platform that allows users to post images, text, and short videos taken by users. It also allows users to share articles and music (associated with [[QQ Music]] or other web-based music services). Friends in the contact list can give thumbs up to the content and leave comments. Moments can be linked to Facebook and Twitter accounts, and can automatically post Moments content directly on these two platforms.<ref name="WeChat Welcome" />
 
In 2017 WeChat had a policy of a maximum of two advertisements per day per Moments user.<ref name=":5" />

===WhatsApp===
[[WhatsApp]] provides the following features, as detailed below.

*Group threads:  up to 250 members
*Groups and channels: no built-in search function to find official groups and channels. anyone can join groups, if they have the link.
* Video calls: up to 3 members.

WhatsApp is an American [[freeware]], [[cross-platform]] [[messaging apps|messaging]] and [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) service owned by [[Facebook, Inc.]]<ref name="metz-wired">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|title=Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People|last=Metz|first=Cade|date=April 5, 2016|magazine=Wired|access-date=May 13, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409122905/https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|archive-date=April 9, 2017|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> It allows users to send [[text message]]s and [[voice message]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/features/|title=Features|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528133052/https://www.whatsapp.com/features/|archive-date=May 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other media.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-voice-calling-now-open-to-all-android-users-report-669693|title = Voice calling|date = March 12, 2015|access-date = March 16, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150317074148/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-voice-calling-now-open-to-all-android-users-report-669693|archive-date = March 17, 2015|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WhatsApp's Voice Calling">{{cite web|title= WhatsApp Voice Calling|website= [[Forbes]]|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling|date= April 4, 2015|access-date= September 18, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019073323/https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling|archive-date= October 19, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> WhatsApp's client application runs on [[mobile device]]s but is also accessible from desktop computers, as long as the user's mobile device remains connected to the Internet while they use the desktop app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/whatsapp-desktop-client-windows-mac-second-best/|title=WhatsApp Desktop Client for Windows & Mac Is Only Second Best|website=MakeUseOf|date=February 20, 2018|language=en-US|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227185839/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/whatsapp-desktop-client-windows-mac-second-best/|archive-date=February 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The service requires users to provide a standard [[cellular network|cellular]] [[telephone number|mobile number]] for registering with the service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/general/21009863/?category=5245245|title=WhatsApp FAQ – Using one WhatsApp account on multiple phones, or with multiple phone numbers|website=WhatsApp.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051542/https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/general/21009863/?category=5245245|archive-date=May 10, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app targeted at small business owners, called WhatsApp Business, to allow companies to communicate with customers who use the standard WhatsApp client.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-business-app-download-android-google-play-iphone-features-a8167631.html|title=There's a new version of WhatsApp|date=January 19, 2018|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805075019/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-business-app-download-android-google-play-iphone-features-a8167631.html|archive-date=August 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/04/06/how-to-know-if-your-business-should-use-the-new-whatsapp-business-app/|title=How To Know If Your Business Should Use The New WhatsApp Business App|last=Armstrong|first=Paul|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408201512/https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/04/06/how-to-know-if-your-business-should-use-the-new-whatsapp-business-app/|archive-date=April 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The client application was created by WhatsApp Inc. of [[Mountain View, California]], which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately [[United States dollar|US$]]19.3&nbsp;billion.<ref name="wsj20140220">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-buy-whatsapp-for-16-billion-1392847766|title=Facebook to Pay $19 Billion for WhatsApp|last1=Albergotti|first1=Reed|date=February 20, 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=September 20, 2019|last2=MacMillan|first2=Douglas|pages=A1, A6|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Rusli|first3=Evelyn M.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002220233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-buy-whatsapp-for-16-billion-1392847766|archive-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fb-buyout">{{cite press release|title=Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp|url= http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|date= February 19, 2014|access-date= February 19, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140220020357/http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|archive-date= February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the world's most popular messaging application by 2015,<ref name="Metz-2016-04-05a"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/09/11/facebook-incs-whatsapp-hits-900-million-users-what.aspx|title=Facebook Inc.'s WhatsApp Hits 900 Million Users: What Now?|first=Leo|last=Sun|date=September 11, 2015|work=The Motley Fool|access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref> and has over 2{{nbsp}}billion users worldwide {{As of|2020|2|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|title=WhatsApp Blog|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214043828/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It has become the primary means of electronic communication in multiple countries and locations, including Latin America, the Indian subcontinent, and large parts of Europe and Africa.<ref name="Metz-2016-04-05a">{{Cite magazine|last=Metz|first=Cade|title=Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|magazine=Wired|access-date=April 5, 2016|date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405164942/http://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|archive-date=April 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Wonder video chat===
Wonder is a new style of shared video chat, using a virtual space where users can move between virtual rooms and initiate conversations either with a large group, or within a spontaneous "circle." The chat platforms is entirely browser-based, and does not entail or require the use of any specific app.<ref>[https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/07/berlins-wonder-raises-11m-for-a-new-approach-to-video-chat-where-you-wander-and-join-groups/ Berlins wonder raises $11 million for new approach to video chat where you wander and join groups. Dec 7, 2020, techcrunch.com ]</ref><ref>[https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/437328-28#overview Wonder (Communication Software)], pichbook.com.</ref>

==Platforms for combining multiple apps==

Platforms specifically designed to combined messages from multiple other mobile apps.

===Trillian===

[[Trillian (software)|Trillian]] is a [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[Multiprotocol instant messaging application|multiprotocol instant messaging]] application created by Cerulean Studios. It is currently available for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Linux]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[BlackBerry OS]], and the Web. It can connect to multiple IM services, such as [[AIM (software)|AIM]], [[Bonjour (software)|Bonjour]], [[Facebook Messenger]], [[Google Talk|Google Talk (Hangouts)]], [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], [[XMPP|XMPP (Jabber)]], VZ, and [[Yahoo! Messenger]] networks; as well as [[social networking site]]s, such as [[Facebook]], [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], [[LinkedIn]], and [[Twitter]]; and [[email]] services, such as [[POP3]] and [[IMAP]].

Trillian no longer supports [[Windows Live Messenger]] or [[Skype]] as these services have combined and Microsoft chose to discontinue Skypekit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Connecting to Skype|url=https://www.trillian.im/help/user/skype/|website=Trillian|publisher=Cerulean Studios|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715122949/https://www.trillian.im/help/user/skype/|archive-date=15 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> They also no longer support connecting to [[Myspace]], and no longer support a distinct connection for [[Gmail]], [[Hotmail]] or Yahoo! Mail although these can still be connected to via [[POP3]] or [[IMAP]]. Currently, Trillian supports Facebook, Google, Jabber (XMPP), and Olark.

Initially released July 1, 2000, as a [[freeware]] IRC client, the first commercial version ''(Trillian Pro 1.0)'' was published on September 10, 2002. The program was named after [[Trillian (character)|Trillian]], a fictional character in ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' by [[Douglas Adams]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Stacy |last=Cowley |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/02/26/trillian.restores.im.idg/ |title=CNN.com - Trillian restores AOL IM connection  |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 26, 2002 |accessdate=2022-06-10}}</ref> A previous version of the official web site even had a tribute to Douglas Adams on its front page.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030602003647/http://www.ceruleanstudios.com/trillian/index.html Old version of the Trillian web site] with a tribute to Douglas Adams</ref> On August 14, 2009, Trillian "Astra" (4.0) for Windows was released, along with its own Astra network. Trillian 5 for Windows was released in May 2011, and Trillian 6.0 was initially released in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trillian News |url=https://www.trillian.im/news/ |website=Trillian.im |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620125722/http://www.trillian.im/news/ |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Trillian connects to multiple instant messaging services without the need of running multiple clients. Users can create multiple connections to the same service, and can also group connections under separate identities to prevent confusion. All contacts are gathered under the same contact list. Contacts are not bound to their own IM service groups, and can be dragged and dropped freely.

Trillian represents each service with a different-colored sphere. Prior versions used the corporate logos for each service, but these were removed to avoid copyright issues, although some skins still use the original icons. The Trillian designers chose a [[Color code|color-coding]] scheme based on the [[Rapid transit|underground]] maps used by the [[London Underground]] that uses different colors to differentiate between different lines.<ref>[http://blog.trillian.im/?p=26 Underground lines colors] item on Cerulean Studios blog  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509052418/http://blog.trillian.im/?p=26 |date=May 9, 2015 }}</ref>

==Platforms for specific operating systems==

===Empathy===
[[Empathy (software)|Empathy]]  is an [[instant messaging]] (IM) and [[voice over IP]] (VoIP) [[Client (computing)|client]] which supports text, voice, video, file transfers, and inter-application communication over various IM [[communication protocol]]s. It is specifically designed for use with the operating systems [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]], [[Linux]], and other [[Unix|Unix-like]] systems.  It was initially completely [[XMPP]] based (similar to Google Talk and Facebook's chat implementations), but others wanted it to use the [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy]] stack. This led to the forking and new name Empathy.

Empathy also provides a collection of reusable [[graphical user interface]] [[Widget (GUI)|widgets]] for developing instant messaging clients<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2007/08/empathy-toolkit-simplifies-instant-messaging-integration.ars
| title = Empathy toolkit simplifies instant messaging integration
| last = Ryan | first = Paul
| date = 25 August 2007
| work = [[Ars Technica]]
| access-date = 20 March 2010
}}</ref> for the [[GNOME|GNOME desktop]]. It is written as extension to the [[Telepathy (software)|Telepathy]] framework, for connecting to different instant messaging networks with a unified [[user interface]].

Empathy has been included in the GNOME desktop since its version 2.24,<ref name="Paul0320">{{cite news
| url = https://arstechnica.com/open-source/reviews/2009/03/hands-on-gnome-226-brings-incremental-improvement.ars
| title = Hands-on: GNOME 2.26 brings incremental improvements
| last = Paul | first = Ryan
| date = 20 March 2009
| work = [[Ars Technica]]
| access-date = 20 March 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/2.24/ |title=GNOME 2.24 Release Notes |publisher=[[The GNOME Project]] |access-date=2011-07-18 |archive-date=July 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715204556/http://library.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/2.24/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Ubuntu]] since version [[Ubuntu 9.10|9.10]] (Karmic Koala), and in [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]] since version [[Fedora (operating system)#Fedora 12|12]] (Constantine); Empathy has replaced [[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]] as their default messenger application.

===Messages for MacOS===
[[Messages (Apple)]] is an [[instant messaging]] [[software application]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] for its [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], and [[watchOS]] [[operating system]]s.

The [[Mobile operating system|mobile version]] of Messages on [[iOS]] used on [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]] also supports [[SMS]] and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] due to replacing the older [[text messaging]] Text app since [[iPhone OS 3]]. Users can tell the difference between a message sent via SMS and one sent over iMessage as the bubbles will appear either green (SMS) or blue (iMessage).

The [[Desktop computer|desktop]] Messages application replaced [[iChat]] as the native OS X instant messaging client with the release of [[OS X Mountain Lion]] in July 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/12/02/16/apple_unveils_mac_os_x_108_mountain_lion_coming_this_summer.html |title=Apple Unveils Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Coming this Summer|publisher=[[AppleInsider]]|date=February 16, 2012|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> While it inherits the majority of iChat's features, Messages also brings support for [[iMessage]], Apple's messaging service for [[iOS]], as well as [[FaceTime]] integration.

Messages was announced for [[OS&nbsp;X]] as a [[Software release life cycle|beta]] application on February 16,&nbsp;2012 for [[Macintosh|Mac]]s running [[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/02/16/messages-beta-now-available/|title=Messages Beta now available for Mac OS X Lion|first=Tim|last=Stevens|publisher=Engadget|date=February 16, 2012|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> The stable release of Messages was released on July 25,&nbsp;2012 with [[OS X Mountain Lion]], replacing [[iChat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/7/24/3184569/apple-os-x-mountain-lion-availability-july-25|title=Apple announces OS X Mountain Lion will be released on Wednesday|first=Chris|last=Welch|publisher=The Verge|date=July 24, 2012|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> In addition to supporting Apple's new iMessage protocol, Messages retained its support for [[AIM (software)|AIM]], [[Yahoo! Messenger]], [[Google Talk]] and [[XMPP|Jabber]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/os-x-10-8/8/#messages|title=OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion: the Ars Technica review|first=John|last=Siracusa|publisher=Ars Technica|date=July 25, 2012|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref>

Messages unitizes the newly added [[Notification Center]] to notify of incoming messages. The introduction of a new Share button in applications like [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], [[Finder (software)|Finder]] and [[Preview (Mac OS)|Preview]] gave users the ability to share links to webpages, photos, and files.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1167854/up_close_with_mountain_lion_sharing.html|title=Up close with Mountain Lion: Sharing|first=Dan|last=Moren|publisher=Macworld|date=July 25, 2012|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> Messages also supported dragging and dropping files and photos for sharing. It also supports video calling through Apple's [[FaceTime]] and the third-party IM services it supports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/mac-os-x-messages-features/|title=A Look Into: Messages – New IChat For Mac OS X Mountain Lion|first=Alvaris|last=Falcon|date=February 17, 2012|publisher=Hongkiat|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> With the release of OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2, Messages gained the ability to send and receive iMessages using an iPhone phone number.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tidbits.com/article/13275|title=Use Your iPhone's Number with Messages in OS X 10.8.2|first=Glenn|last=Fleishman|publisher=[[TidBITS]]|date=September 19, 2012|access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref>

Messages received a major redesign in [[OS X Yosemite]], following the [[flat design]] aesthetic introduced in [[iOS 7]]. As a part of the new [[Apple Continuity|Continuity]] feature, users can send and receive SMS and MMS messages through paired iPhones running iOS 8 or later.

==Social networking mobile apps==
A social networking service (also social networking site or social media) is an online platform which people use to build social networks or [[social relation]]ships with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.<ref name="Obar & Wildman 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Obar |first1=Jonathan A. |last2=Wildman |first2=Steve |title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue |journal=Telecommunications Policy |date=October 2015 |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=745–750 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014 |ssrn=2647377 }}</ref><ref name="Boyd & Ellison 2007"/>

Social networking services vary in format and the number of features. They can incorporate a range of new information and communication tools, operating on [[desktop computer|desktop]]s and on [[laptop]]s, on mobile devices such as [[tablet computer]]s and [[smartphone]]s. They may feature digital photo/video/sharing and diary entries online (blogging).<ref name="Boyd & Ellison 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=Danah M. |last2=Ellison |first2=Nicole B. |title=Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |date=October 2007 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=210–230 |doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x |s2cid=52810295 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Online community]] services are sometimes considered social-network services by developers and users, though in a broader sense, a social-network service usually provides an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Defined as "websites that facilitate the building of a network of contacts in order to exchange various types of content online," social networking sites provide a space for interaction to continue beyond in person interactions. These computer mediated interactions link members of various networks and may help to both maintain and develop new social and professional relationships<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mlaïki |first1=Alya |last2=Walsh |first2=Isabelle |last3=Kalika |first3=Michel |title=Why Do We Continue Using Social Networking Sites? The Giving Loop that feeds Computer-Mediated Social Ties |journal=Systèmes d'Information et Management |date=17 February 2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=5–47 |doi=10.3917/sim.172.0005 }}</ref>

Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, digital photos and videos, posts, and to inform others about online or real-world activities and events with people in their network. While in-person social networking – such as gathering in a village market to talk about events – has existed since the earliest development of towns,<ref>{{Citation|last=Joseph|first=R.|title=The Naked Neuron|chapter=Touch Me—Feel Me—Feed Me— Kiss Me!|date=1993|pages=71–98|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-0-306-44510-1|doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-6008-5_4}}</ref> the web enables people to connect with others who live in different locations, ranging from across a city to across the world. Depending on the [[social media]] platform, members may be able to contact any other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have a connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, and so on. The success of social networking services can be seen in their dominance in society today, with Facebook having a massive 2.13&nbsp;billion active monthly users and an average of 1.4&nbsp;billion [[daily active users]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/ |title=Company Info |publisher=Facebook Newsroom |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115110456/https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/ |archive-date=November 15, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[LinkedIn]], a career-oriented social-networking service, generally requires that a member personally know another member in [[real life]] before they contact them online. Some services require members to have a preexisting connection to contact other members.

===MeWe===

[[MeWe]] is an American [[alt-tech]] [[social media]] and [[social networking service]] owned by '''Sgrouples''', a company based in [[Culver City, California|Culver City]], [[California]]. MeWe's light approach to content moderation has made it popular among [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], particularly the [[Anti-vaccine activism|anti-vaccine movement]], as well as [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatives]].<ref name=":2 b">{{cite web|last=Gilbert|first=David|date=November 12, 2020|title=Conservative Social Media Sites Are Creating a Giant Right-Wing Echo Chamber|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/parler-gab-mewe-and-rumble-are-creating-a-massive-right-wing-echo-chamber/|access-date=November 12, 2020|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref><ref name=":0 a">{{cite web|last=Binder|first=Matt|date=November 11, 2020|title=What is MeWe? Everything you need to know about the social network competing with Parler.|url=https://mashable.com/article/what-is-mewe-network-explainer/|access-date=November 12, 2020|website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> The site's interface has been described as similar to that of [[Facebook]], though the company describes MeWe as the "anti-Facebook" due to its focus on data privacy<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Jefferson|date=July 4, 2020|title=Done with Facebook? Consider MeWe, Parler or old standbys such as LinkedIn|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/06/30/facebook-alternatives-mewe-and-parler-old-linkedin-reddit/3280386001/|access-date=November 12, 2020|website=[[USA Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Leonard3">{{cite news|last=Leonard|first=John|date=April 14, 2015|title=Social media without the snooping—nice idea but can it really work?|work=Computing|url=https://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/analysis/2403809/social-media-without-the-snooping-nice-idea-but-can-it-really-work|url-access=limited|access-date=February 26, 2019|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124148/https://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/analysis/2403809/social-media-without-the-snooping-nice-idea-but-can-it-really-work|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By 2015, as MeWe neared the end of its [[Betaware|beta testing cycle]], the press called MeWe's software "not dissimilar to [[Facebook]]".<ref name="Leonard">{{cite news|last=Leonard|first=John|date=April 14, 2015|title=Social media without the snooping—nice idea but can it really work?|work=Computing|url=https://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/analysis/2403809/social-media-without-the-snooping-nice-idea-but-can-it-really-work|url-access=limited|access-date=February 26, 2019|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124148/https://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/analysis/2403809/social-media-without-the-snooping-nice-idea-but-can-it-really-work|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Mashable]]'' described MeWe as replicating Facebook's features in 2020.<ref name=":0 a" />

The MeWe site and application has features common to most social media and social networking sites: users can post text and images to a feed, react to others' posts using emoji, post animated [[GIF]]s, create specialized groups, post disappearing content, and [[online chat|chat]].<ref name="chen">{{cite news|last=Chen|first=I-Chun|date=July 5, 2018|title=Facebook alternative MeWe raises $5.2 million in funds|work=L.A. Biz |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2018/07/05/facebook-alternative-mewe-raises-5-2-million-in.html|access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref>

Online chat may occur between two or more people or among members of a group.<ref name="chen" /> Person-to-person online chat is similar to that in most other social media and social networking sites, and supports text, video calling, and voice calling.<ref name="orrreview">{{cite news |last=Orr |first=Andrew |date=April 19, 2018 |title=Review: MeWe is a Private Social Network Taking on Facebook |work=Mac Observer |url=https://www.macobserver.com/reviews/quick-look/mewe-private-social-network/ |access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref> "Secret Chat" is limited to the paid subscription tier of MeWe,<ref name="amore">{{cite news |last=Amore|first=Samson|date=July 7, 2018|title=Facebook Alternative MeWe Raises $5.2M|work=Los Angeles Business Journal|url=http://labusinessjournal.com/news/2018/jul/07/facebook-alternative-mewe-raises-52m/ |access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref> and uses [[Double Ratchet Algorithm|double ratchet encryption]] to ensure that chats are private and not visible even to MeWe employees.<ref name="chen" />

MeWe reported in June 2018 that the site had 90,000 active groups, 60,000 of which were "public" and open to all users.<ref name="amore" /> Following the influx of Hong Kong users in 2020, MeWe CEO Weinstein announced that the website would provide a [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]] language version by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tai Po大埔12萬人Facebook群組一夜被滅 稱涉仇恨言論 網民籲轉場MeWe|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20201205/OIYL3RPCUVAKPPSXC6NEQLAJQY/|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118094606/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20201205/OIYL3RPCUVAKPPSXC6NEQLAJQY/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== User base and content ====
Although MeWe has not intentionally positioned itself as a social network for conservatives,<ref name=":1a">{{cite web|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=November 12, 2020|title='Free Speech' Social-Media Apps See Enormous Growth After the Election|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/trump-election-facebook-twitter-mewe-parler-1088427/|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Mashable'' noted in November 2020 that its active userbase trends conservative.The platform's choice not to moderate [[misinformation]] on the platform has attracted conservatives who felt mainstream social networks were censoring their posts, and those who have been banned from those platforms.<ref name=":1a" /><ref name=":3 a">{{cite web|last=Leskin|first=Paige|date=November 6, 2020|title=Trump supporters are flocking to alternative social networks to plan election-office protests after Facebook banned groups that attracted hundreds of thousands of members|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-stop-the-steal-vote-counting-protests-mewe-parler-trump-2020-11|access-date=November 12, 2020|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>
<!----
===Parler===
[[Parler]] is an American [[microblogging]] and [[social networking]] service launched in August 2018. Parler has a significant user base of [[Support for Donald Trump|Donald Trump supporters]], [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]], [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], and right-wing extremists.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="BBC-2020-11-09">{{Cite news|last=Sardarizadeh|first=Shayan|date=November 9, 2020|title=Parler 'free speech' app tops charts in wake of Trump defeat|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54873800|url-status=live|access-date=November 10, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109235624/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54873800}}</ref><ref name="ADL-2020-11">{{Cite web|date=November 12, 2020|title=Parler: Where the Mainstream Mingles with the Extreme|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/parler-where-the-mainstream-mingles-with-the-extreme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114212320/https://www.adl.org/blog/parler-where-the-mainstream-mingles-with-the-extreme|archive-date=November 14, 2020|access-date=November 14, 2020|website=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="forward" /> Posts on the service often contain [[Far-right politics|far-right]] content,{{refn|name="far-right-posts"|<ref name="forward" /><ref name="newstatesman" /><ref name="bulwark">{{Cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Tim|last2=Yoest|first2=Hannah|date=June 26, 2020|title=The Gross Hellscape That Awaits Ted Cruz on Parler|url=https://thebulwark.com/the-gross-hellscape-that-awaits-ted-cruz-on-parler/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109130353/https://thebulwark.com/the-gross-hellscape-that-awaits-ted-cruz-on-parler/|archive-date=November 9, 2020|access-date=November 7, 2020|website=[[The Bulwark]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-HoustonChronicle">{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Dwight|date=November 12, 2020|title=5 things to know about Parler, the right-wing-friendly social network|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/techburger/article/5-things-to-know-about-Parler-the-15720637.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114212319/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/techburger/article/5-things-to-know-about-Parler-the-15720637.php|archive-date=November 14, 2020|access-date=November 12, 2020|website=[[The Houston Chronicle]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="independent 2020-06-25"/>}} [[antisemitism]],{{refn|name="antisemitic-posts"|<ref name="isaac-NYT">{{Cite news|last1=Isaac|first1=Mike|last2=Browning|first2=Kellen|date=November 11, 2020|title=Fact-Checked on Facebook and Twitter, Conservatives Switch Their Apps|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/technology/parler-rumble-newsmax.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 13, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114212319/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/technology/parler-rumble-newsmax.html}}</ref><ref name="ADL-2020-11"/><ref name="forward" /><ref name="independent 2020-06-25">{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Adam|date=June 22, 2020|title=What is the right-wing Parler app that MPs and celebrities are joining?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/parler-app-mps-right-wing-twitter-katie-hopkins-a9579241.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630124918/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/parler-app-mps-right-wing-twitter-katie-hopkins-a9579241.html|archive-date=June 30, 2020|access-date=August 4, 2020|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capradio.org/articles/2020/12/06/social-media-app-parlers-free-speech-focus-draws-conservatives-and-violent-extremists-experts-say/ |title=Social Media App Parler’s ‘Free Speech’ Focus Draws Conservatives — And Violent Extremists, Experts Say |website=[[KXJZ]] |date=December 6, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2020 |first=Bert |last=Johnson}}</ref><ref name="newstatesman" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 8, 2020|title=A conservative social network that 'rejects fact checkers' gains ground in the US|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/080720/no-nipples-or-penises-but-lies-stay-erect-on-this-conservative-social.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 7, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107180459/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/080720/no-nipples-or-penises-but-lies-stay-erect-on-this-conservative-social.html}}</ref><ref name="Newhouse-TheConversation">{{Cite web|last=Newhouse|first=Alex|date=November 27, 2020|title=Parler is bringing together mainstream conservatives, anti-Semites and white supremacists as the social media platform attracts millions of Trump supporters|url=http://theconversation.com/parler-is-bringing-together-mainstream-conservatives-anti-semites-and-white-supremacists-as-the-social-media-platform-attracts-millions-of-trump-supporters-150439|access-date=November 27, 2020|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="nacogdoches">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysentinel.com/social_media/article_4aab45f6-615b-5b58-9d01-6b0b2d6e172c.html |title=Parler is filled with coffee shop talk for Nazis |website=[[The Daily Sentinel (Texas)|The Daily Sentinel]] |date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2020 |first=Josh |last=Edwards}}</ref><ref name="houston">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/article/I-tried-Parler-the-social-media-app-where-hate-15765465.php |title=I tried Parler, the social media app where hate speech thrives |first=Bryan C. |last=Parker |website=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=December 1, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2020}}</ref>}}{{discuss|section=RfC: Should "antisemitism" be removed from the lead?|date=November 2020}} and conspiracy theories like [[QAnon]].{{refn|name="conspiracy-theory-posts"|<ref name="newstatesman" /><ref name="forward" /><ref name="bulwark"/><ref name="DailyBeast-2020-10"/><ref name="SundayTimes">{{Cite news|last=Fortson|first=Danny|date=October 18, 2020|title=Parler — the site where hate speech is free|language=en|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/parler-the-site-where-hate-speech-is-free-v8m2znd2d|url-status=live|access-date=November 8, 2020|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021315/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/parler-the-site-where-hate-speech-is-free-v8m2znd2d}}</ref><ref name="BBC-2020-11-09"/><ref name="politico-nguyen"/><ref name="nacogdoches"/><ref name="houston"/>}} Journalists have described Parler as an alternative to [[Twitter]], and the service is popular among people who have been banned from mainstream social networks or oppose their moderation policies.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="forward">{{Cite web|last=Saul|first=Isaac|date=July 18, 2019|title=This Twitter Alternative Was Supposed To Be Nicer, But Bigots Love It Already|url=https://forward.com/news/national/427705/parler-news-white-supremacist-islamophobia-laura-loomer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630205321/https://forward.com/news/national/427705/parler-news-white-supremacist-islamophobia-laura-loomer/|archive-date=June 30, 2020|access-date=August 4, 2020|website=[[The Forward]]}}</ref>

Parler markets itself as a "[[freedom of speech|free speech]]" and unbiased alternative to mainstream social networks such as Twitter and [[Facebook]]. However, journalists and users have criticized the service for content policies that are more restrictive than the company portrays and sometimes more restrictive than those of its competitors.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="fortune" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /> Beginning in June 2020, some users reported being banned from Parler for espousing left-wing viewpoints.<ref name="forward" />{{discuss|section=Inclusion in lead of left-wing users being banned|date=November 2020}}

Parler has not publicly disclosed the identities of its owners besides founder John Matze.<ref name="fortune" /> [[Rebekah Mercer]], an investor known for her contributions to conservative individuals and organizations, has been described as an investor in and co-founder of the company, and conservative political commentator [[Dan Bongino]] has said he is an owner.<ref name="meet-rebekah-mercer" /><ref name="colton" /> {{As of|2020|November}}, the service had about 4{{nbsp}}million active users and over 10{{nbsp}}million total users.<ref name="Horwitz-WSJ"/><ref name="Ingram-NBC">{{Cite web|last=Ingram|first=David|date=November 10, 2020|title=A Twitter for conservatives? Parler surges amid election misinformation crackdown|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/twitter-conservatives-parler-surges-amid-election-misinformation-crackdown-n1247333|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114212319/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/twitter-conservatives-parler-surges-amid-election-misinformation-crackdown-n1247333|archive-date=November 14, 2020|access-date=November 13, 2020|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en}}</ref>
---->

===MeetMe===

[[The Meet Group]] (formerly MeetMe) owns several mobile [[social networking service]]s including MeetMe, [[hi5]], LOVOO, [[Growlr]], Skout, and [[Tagged (website)|Tagged]].

The company has millions of mobile daily active users. Its [[mobile app]]s are available on [[iOS]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] in multiple languages. Through these apps, users can stream live video, send gifts, chat, and share photos. The Meet Group derives revenue from in-app purchases, subscriptions, and advertising. The company has offices in [[New Hope, Pennsylvania]], [[Philadelphia]], [[San Francisco]], [[Dresden]], and [[Berlin]].

The Meet Group has transformed its business from being a predominantly advertising model to now generating the majority of revenue from user pay sources, which include subscriptions and in-app purchases for virtual gifts as part of its video live-streaming product. The company also derives revenue from advertising. In the second quarter of 2018, 60% of revenue was derived from user-pay, versus 26% in the second quarter of 2017. Livestreaming video revenue has become an increasingly important component of revenue and growth, and the product has been rolled out to all of the company's main apps.

myYearbook derives its revenue from three sources: advertising, virtual-currency sales, and monthly subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socialtimes.com/2009/08/myyearbook-forgoes-freemium-reports-virtual-goods-success/ |title=myYearbook Forgoes Freemium, Reports Virtual Goods Success |publisher=Socialtimes |date=18 August 2009}}</ref> Advertising makes up two-thirds of its revenue, with the other sources making up the rest. It has an established sales office based in New York City and Los Angeles.

===Nextdoor===
[[Nextdoor]] is a [[hyperlocal]] [[social networking service]] for [[neighborhood]]s. The company was founded in 2008 and is based in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Nextdoor launched in the United States in October 2011,<ref name="San Francisco Chronicle">{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Ellen |title=Nextdoor offers online forum for neighborhoods |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Nextdoor-offers-online-forum-for-neighborhoods-3375382.php |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> and is currently available in 11 countries. Users of Nextdoor are required to submit their real names and addresses (or street without the exact number) to the website; posts made to the website are available only to other Nextdoor members living in the same neighborhood.<ref name="Stross" />

Typical platform uses include neighbors reporting on news and events in their "neighborhood" and members asking each other for local service-provider recommendations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bogost |first1=Ian |title=What Petty Nextdoor Posts Reveal About America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/nextdoor-american-communities/561746/ |website=The Atlantic |date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> "Neighborhood" borders were initially established with Maponics, a provider of geographical information.<ref name="Stross">{{cite news |last1=Stross |first1=Randall |title=Meet Your Neighbors, if Only Online |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/business/on-nextdoorcom-social-networks-for-neighbors.html |access-date=August 8, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 12, 2012}}</ref> According to the platform's rules, members whose addresses fall outside the boundaries of existing neighborhoods can establish their own neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lightner |first1=Rob |title=Start or join a neighborhood social network with Nextdoor |url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/start-or-join-a-neighborhood-social-network-with-nextdoor/ |access-date=August 9, 2018 |publisher=CNET |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name=nextdoor_neighborhoods>{{cite web 
|title=How are Nextdoor neighborhoods created? 
|url=https://help.nextdoor.com/customer/portal/articles/805008-how-are-nextdoor-neighborhoods-created- 
|publisher=Nextdoor 
|access-date=August 13, 2018 
|archive-date=August 13, 2018 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210601/https://help.nextdoor.com/customer/portal/articles/805008-how-are-nextdoor-neighborhoods-created- 
|url-status=dead 
}}</ref> "Founding" members of neighborhoods determine the name of the neighborhood and its boundaries, although Nextdoor retains the authority to change either of these.<ref name=nextdoor_neighborhoods /> A member must attract a minimum of 10 households to establish a new "neighborhood", as of November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kalen|first1=Christian|title=Sonoma is a Nextdoor neighborhood|url=http://www.sonomanews.com/news/6367290-181/sonoma-is-a-nextdoor-neighborhood?sba=AAS|access-date=May 11, 2018|publisher=Sonoma Index-Register|date=November 28, 2016}}</ref>

While allowing for "civil debate", the platform prohibits canvassing for votes on forums.{{why|date=March 2020}} The service does however allow separate forums just for political discussions. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', these discussions are "separated from [a user's regular] neighborhood feeds".<ref name=nytt>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtech.com/social/Nextdoor-and-NOAA-Partner-to-Better-Prepare-Americans-for-Severe-Weather.html|title=Nextdoor and NOAA Partner to Better Prepare Americans for Severe Weather|website=www.govtech.com|date=July 11, 2017|language=en|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> The company had established these separate forums in 12 markets by 2018. The company has stated it "has no plans" to accept [[political advertising]].<ref name=nytt/>

==Special-use platforms==
===U-Report===
U-Report is a social messaging tool and data collection system developed by [[UNICEF]] to improve citizen engagement, inform leaders, and foster positive change.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelynzhou/2017/02/16/see-six-ways-bots-are-positively-changing-the-world/#4eeeef657c07|title=6 Ways Bots Are Positively Changing The World|last=Zhou|first=Adelyn|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-10-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://community.rapidpro.io/stories/u-report-removes-taboos-talking-about-menstrual-hygiene/|title=U-Report removes taboos: talking about Menstrual Hygiene|website=community.rapidpro.io|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> The program sends SMS polls and alerts to its participants, collecting real-time responses, and subsequently publishes gathered data. Issues polled include health, education, water, sanitation and hygiene, youth unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and disease outbreaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undatarevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/U-Report_1Pg_DataRev-1.pdf|title=U-Report Data Review}}</ref> The program currently has three million participants in forty-one countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukraine.ureport.in/|title=U-Report|website=ukraine.ureport.in|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref>

==Platforms that are internal features within major websites==
===Facebook===
{{Main|Facebook Messenger}}
Facebook Messenger is an [[instant messaging]] service and software application. It began as Facebook Chat in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Hendrickson|title=Facebook Chat Launches, For Some|url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/04/06/facebook-chat-enters-pre-release-beta/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 6, 2008|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> was revamped in 2010<ref>{{cite web|first=MG|last=Siegler|title=Facebook's Modern Messaging System: Seamless, History, And A Social Inbox|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/11/15/facebook-messaging/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=November 15, 2010|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and eventually became a standalone mobile app in August 2011, while remaining part of the user page on browsers.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Kincaid|title=Facebook Launches Standalone iPhone/Android Messenger App (And It's Beluga)|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/09/facebook-launches-standalone-mobile-messenger-app-and-it%E2%80%99s-beluga/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=August 9, 2011|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref>

Complementing regular conversations, Messenger lets users make one-to-one<ref>{{cite web|first=Hope|last=King|title=Facebook Messenger now lets you make video calls|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/27/technology/facebook-messenger-mobile-video-call/|website=[[CNN]]|date=April 27, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and group<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=Statt|title=Facebook Messenger now lets you video chat with up to 50 people|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/19/14006752/facebook-messenger-group-video-chat-feature-update|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=December 19, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> [[Voice over IP|voice]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Ellis|last=Hamburger|title=Facebook launches free calling for all iPhone users in the US|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/16/3883538/facebook-launches-free-calling-in-messenger-for-iphone-us|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=January 16, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and [[Videotelephony|video calls]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger Launches Free VOIP Video Calls Over Cellular And Wi-Fi|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/27/facebook-messenger-video-chat/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 27, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Its Android app has integrated support for [[SMS]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Charles|last=Arthur|title=Facebook turns Messenger into a text message killer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/04/facebook-messenger-android-sms-killer|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 4, 2012|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and "Chat Heads", which are round profile photo icons appearing on-screen regardless of what app is open,<ref>{{cite web|title=Chat Heads come to Facebook Messenger for Android|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4216838/facebook-updates-messenger-adds-chat-heads|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=April 12, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> while both apps support multiple accounts,<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Perez|title=Facebook Tests SMS Integration In Messenger, Launches Support For Multiple Accounts|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/11/facebook-tests-sms-integration-in-messenger-launches-support-for-multiple-accounts/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=February 11, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> conversations with optional [[end-to-end encryption]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=Andy|last=Greenberg|title=You Can All Finally Encrypt Facebook Messenger, So Do It|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/10/facebook-completely-encrypted-messenger-update-now/|journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and "Instant Games".<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger launches Instant Games|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/29/messenger-instant-games/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=November 29, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Some features, including sending money<ref name="US-feature">{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Introduces Free Friend-To-Friend Payments Through Messages|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/17/facebook-pay/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=March 17, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and requesting transportation,<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew J.|last=Hawkins|title=Facebook Messenger now lets you hail an Uber car|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/16/10303878/facebook-messenger-uber-app-integration-API|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=December 16, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> are limited to the United States.<ref name="US-feature"/> In 2017, Facebook added "Messenger Day", a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story-format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours;<ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Vincent|title=Facebook's Snapchat stories clone, Messenger Day, is now rolling out globally|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/9/14867192/facebook-messenger-snapchat-stories-clone-day|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=March 9, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Reactions, which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through an [[emoji]];<ref name="verge-mentions">{{cite web|first=James|last=Vincent|title=Facebook Messenger gets reactions for individual messages and @ notifications|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/23/15033810/facebook-messenger-notifications-reactions|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=March 23, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> and Mentions, which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification.<ref name="verge-mentions"/>

Businesses and users can interact through Messenger with features such as tracking purchases and receiving notifications, and interacting with customer service representatives. Third-party developers can integrate apps into Messenger, letting users enter an app while inside Messenger and optionally share details from the app into a chat.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hope|last=King|title=7 big changes coming to Facebook|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/03/25/technology/facebook-f8-messenger/|website=[[CNN]]|date=March 25, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Developers can build [[Software agent|chatbots]] into Messenger, for uses such as news publishers building bots to distribute news.<ref>{{cite web|first=Casey|last=Newton|title=Facebook launches a bot platform for Messenger|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/12/11395806/facebook-messenger-bot-platform-announced-f8-conference|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> The [[M (virtual assistant)|M virtual assistant]] (U.S.) scans chats for keywords and suggests relevant actions, such as its payments system for users mentioning money.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=Statt|title=Facebook's AI assistant will now offer suggestions inside Messenger|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15200836/facebook-messenger-m-suggestions-ai-assisant|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger's AI 'M' suggests features to use based on your convos|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/06/facebook-messengers-ai-m-suggests-features-to-use-based-on-your-convos/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Group chatbots appear in Messenger as "Chat Extensions". A "Discovery" tab allows finding bots, and enabling special, branded [[QR code]]s that, when scanned, take the user to a specific bot.<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger launches group bots and bot discovery tab|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/18/facebook-bot-discovery/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 18, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref>

===Instagram===
In December 2013, [[Instagram]] announced Instagram Direct, a feature that lets users interact through private messaging. Users who follow each other can send private messages with photos and videos, in contrast to the public-only requirement that was previously in place. When users receive a private message from someone they don't follow, the message is marked as pending and the user must accept to see it. Users can send a photo to a maximum of 15 people.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Crook |title=Instagram Introduces Instagram Direct |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/12/instagram-messaging/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ellis |last=Hamburger |title=Instagram announces Instagram Direct for private photo, video, and text messaging |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/12/12/5203302/instagram-direct-photo-text-messaging |website=[[The Verge]]  |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Laurie |last=Segall |title=Instagram launches direct messaging |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/12/12/technology/mobile/instagram-direct/ |publisher=CNN |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref> The feature received a major update in September 2015, adding [[conversation threading]] and making it possible for users to share locations, hashtag pages, and profiles through private messages directly from the news feed. Additionally, users can now reply to private messages with text, [[emoji]] or by clicking on a heart icon. A camera inside Direct lets users take a photo and send it to the recipient without leaving the conversation.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ariha |last=Setalvad |title=Instagram Direct gets a huge update focused on messaging your friends |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/1/9236553/instagram-direct-messaging-update |website=[[The Verge]]  |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Molly |last=McHugh |title=Today's Instagram Update Could Ease the Dreaded @ Wars |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/instagram-direct-messaging-update/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Kia |last=Kokalitcheva |title=Instagram takes on Twitter's direct messages with these new features |url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/01/instagram-direct-update/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]  |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref> A new update in November 2016 let users make their private messages "disappear" after being viewed by the recipient, with the sender receiving a notification if the recipient takes a screenshot.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Kahn |title=Instagram launches live video for Stories, disappearing photos & videos in direct messages |url=https://9to5mac.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live-video-stories-disappearing-photos-direct/ |website=9to5Mac |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |title=Instagram adds live video broadcasts and disappearing photos |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live-video-stories-disappearing-images/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref>

In April 2017, Instagram redesigned Direct to combine all private messages, both permanent and ephemeral, into the same message threads.<ref name="tc-2017">{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Direct unites ephemeral and permanent messaging for 375M users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/11/instachat-direct/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="cnet-2017">{{cite web |first=Gordon |last=Gottsegen |title=Instagram Direct messages just became more like Snapchat |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-direct-disappearing-photos-videos-messages-snapchat/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="verge-2017">{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram Direct now combines permanent and ephemeral chats |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/11/15250766/instagram-direct-ephemeral-messaging-update |website=[[The Verge]]  |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref> In May, Instagram made it possible to send [[URL|website links]] in messages, and also added support for sending photos in their original portrait or landscape orientation without cropping.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chaim |last=Gartenberg |title=Instagram is just now offering support for sending links in direct messages |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/25/15691746/instagram-direct-links-update-portrait-landscape |website=[[The Verge]]  |date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Instagram direct messages now support web links and different photo orientations |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/25/instagram-direct-messages-now-support-web-links-and-different-photo-orientations/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref>

In April 2020, Direct became accessible from the Instagram website.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=April 10, 2020|title=Everyone can now access their Instagram DMs on the web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/10/21215449/instagram-dm-web-browser-update-direct-message|access-date=August 5, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2020, Facebook started merging Instagram Direct into [[Facebook Messenger]]. After the update (which is rolled out to a segment of the user base) the Instagram Direct icon transforms into Facebook Messenger icon.<ref>{{cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=August 17, 2020|title=Facebook Messenger starts taking over Instagram Direct messages|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/08/facebook-starts-merging-instagram-direct-and-facebook-messenger/|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref>

===LinkedIn===
The [[LinkedIn]] website includes a feature that allows direct messaging by a user to any other user  who is on their list of Connections. Additionally, users with Premium membership can send messages to anyone on LinkedIn.<ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/topics/6073/6074/1645 help page on messaging], linked In website.</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/dailymuse/2013/10/15/how-to-write-linkedin-messages-that-actually-get-read/?sh=18fc25e36b33 How To Write LinkedIn Messages That Actually Get Read], forbes.com, October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.dummies.com/business/marketing/social-media-marketing/how-to-use-linkedin-messages/ How to Use LinkedIn Messages], dummies.com</ref><ref>[https://beamery.com/blog/linkedin-messages The Perfect LinkedIn Message: A Complete Guide], beamery.com, accessed December 2020.</ref>

===Reddit===
In 2017, [[Reddit]] developed its own real-time chat software for the site.<ref name="Pardes-July18-2018">{{cite news |title=Reddit reinvents the chat room with community chat |last1=Pardes |first1=Arielle |url=https://www.wired.com/story/reddit-introduces-subreddit-chat/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |location=United States|issn=1059-1028|oclc=24479723|date=July 18, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit.<ref name="Pardes-July18-2018"/> Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018.<ref name="Pardes-July18-2018"/><ref name="Keane18">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/reddits-subreddit-chat-rooms-bring-back-fast-paced-conversation/ |title=Reddit's chat rooms are bringing back fast-paced conversation |first=Sean|last=Keane |date=July 19, 2018 |publisher=[[CNET]] |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Roettgers18">{{cite news |title=Reddit Is Testing Community Chat Rooms to Take on Discord |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/reddit-community-chat-rooms-1202822388/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|location=United States|issn=0042-2738|oclc=810134503|date=May 25, 2018 |access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref>

===Twitter===
{{main article|Twitter}}
Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with and block accounts from viewing their tweets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredinsider/2014/02/know-your-twitter-terms-block-vs-mute/|title=Know Your Twitter Terms: 'Block' vs. 'Mute'|magazine=Wired|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Samuel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/13/twitter-mute-unfollow-block-reason-secret-abuse|title=13 reasons to mute people on Twitter|work=The Guardian|date=May 13, 2014|access-date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for [[smartphone]]s), or by [[Short Message Service]] (SMS) available in certain countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code |title=Using Twitter with Your Phone |quote=We currently support 2-way (sending and receiving) Twitter SMS via short codes and one-way (sending only) via long codes. |publisher=Twitter Support |access-date=June 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315200218/http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code |archive-date=March 15, 2010 }}</ref> Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers"<ref name="lists1">{{cite web|url=http://blog.twitter.com/2009/10/theres-list-for-that.html |title=There's a List for That |publisher=blog.twitter.com |date=October 30, 2009 |access-date=February 1, 2010}}</ref> or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Amanda|title=The tricky business of business tweeting|date=March 2, 2011|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0302/1224291133449.html|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=April 28, 2011|archive-date=October 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023164837/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0302/1224291133449.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". Users can also "[[Like button|like]]" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Twitter officially kills off favorites and replaces them with likes|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/3/9661180/twitter-vine-favorite-fav-likes-hearts|access-date=November 4, 2015|work=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/download|title=Download the free Twitter app &#124; Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> Twitter has been compared to a web-based [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC) client.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stutzman |first=Fred |title=The 12-Minute Definitive Guide to Twitter |url=http://dev.aol.com/article/2007/04/definitive-guide-to-twitter |date=April 11, 2007 |publisher=AOL Developer Network |access-date=November 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704074026/http://dev.aol.com/article/2007/04/definitive-guide-to-twitter |archive-date=July 4, 2008 }}</ref> In a 2009 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine essay, technology author [[Steven Berlin Johnson|Steven Johnson]] described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple":

{{Blockquote|As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Steven | title=How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live | date=June 5, 2009 | url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511100916/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 11, 2010 | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date = February 13, 2011 | author-link=Steven Berlin Johnson }}</ref>}}

==Video conference platforms==

===Jitsi===
[[Jitsi]] is a collection of [[free and open-source software|free and open-source]] multiplatform [[Voice over IP|voice]] (VoIP), [[Video conference|video conferencing]] and [[instant messaging]] applications for the web platform, Windows, Linux, macOS, iOS and Android.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lists.jitsi.org/pipermail/dev/2015-June/024439.html |title=&#91;jitsi-dev&#93; Switching to the Apache Licenses |access-date=2015-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622133126/http://lists.jitsi.org/pipermail/dev/2015-June/024439.html |archive-date=2015-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtwlDwAAQBAJ&q=jitsi&pg=PA250|title=Computer Networks: 24th International Conference, CN 2017, Lądek Zdrój, Poland, June 20–23, 2017, Proceedings|last1=Gaj|first1=Piotr|last2=Kwiecień|first2=Andrzej|last3=Sawicki|first3=Michał|date=2017-05-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319597676|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business.com/articles/online-meeting-technologies/|title=Useful Technologies for Hosting Online Meetings|work=business.com|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jitsi.org/|title=Jitsi.org - develop and deploy full-featured video conferencing|website=Jitsi|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> The Jitsi project began with the Jitsi Desktop (previously known as [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] Communicator). It is totally free to use, and to host on a business's own server.<ref>[https://itsfoss.com/jitsi-meet/ Jitsi Meet: A Free & Open Source Video Conferencing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up], Last updated July 14, 2020.</ref>

With the growth of [[WebRTC]], the project team focus shifted to the Jitsi Videobridge for allowing web-based multi-party video calling. Later the team added Jitsi Meet, a full video conferencing application that includes web, Android, and iOS clients. Jitsi also operates meet.jit.si, a version of Jitsi Meet hosted by Jitsi for free community use. Other projects include: Jigasi, lib-jitsi-meet, Jidesha, and Jitsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kamailio.org/w/2011/03/sip-communicator-renamed-to-jitsi/|title=SIP Communicator Renamed to Jitsi {{!}} The Kamailio SIP Server Project|website=www.kamailio.org|date=March 18, 2011|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2016/183/Video-Conferencing|title=Meeting Place|last=Jurzik|first=Mela Eckenfels, Heike|website=Linux Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.linuxlinks.com/jitsi-innovative-open-source-voice-and-video-conferencing/|title=Jitsi - innovative open source voice and video conferencing - LinuxLinks|work=LinuxLinks|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Jitsi has received support from various institutions such as the [[NLnet]] Foundation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nlnet.nl/project/sip-comm/|title=NLnet; SIP Comm Phone|publisher=Nlnet.nl|access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nlnet.nl/project/sip-comm2/|title=NLnet; SIP Comm Desktop|publisher=Nlnet.nl|access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref> the [[University of Strasbourg]] and the Region of Alsace<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/article/167556/Strasbourg-La-region-recompense-un-jeune-informaticien.php|title=La région récompense un jeune informaticien|date=May 3, 2013|publisher=20minutes.fr|access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref> and it has also had multiple participations in the [[Google Summer of Code]] program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socghop.appspot.com/gsoc/org/home/google/gsoc2010/sipcomm|title=SIP Communicator GSoC'10 home page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122916/http://socghop.appspot.com/gsoc/org/home/google/gsoc2010/sipcomm|archive-date=July 28, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://socghop.appspot.com/gsoc/org/home/google/gsoc2009/sipcomm|title=SIP Communicator GSoC'09 home page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214185256/http://socghop.appspot.com/gsoc/org/home/google/gsoc2009/sipcomm|archive-date=December 14, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Jitsi-app.png|150px|thumb|right|Jitsi Meet Android application]]

Jitsi Meet is an open source JavaScript WebRTC application used primarily for video conferencing. In addition to audio and video, [[screen sharing]] is available, and new members can be invited via a generated link. The interface is accessible via web browser or with a mobile app.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://voip.review/2018/01/28/top-ten-voip-apps/|title=Top Ten VoIP Apps For Consumers {{!}} VoIP Review|date=2018-01-28|work=VoIP Review|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> The Jitsi Meet server software can be downloaded and installed on Linux-based computers.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Create Your Own Video Conference Server using Jitsi Meet on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS|url=https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-create-your-own-video-conference-using-jitsi-meet-on-ubuntu-1804/|access-date=2018-07-23|website=www.howtoforge.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Jitsi owner [[8x8]] maintains a free public-use server for up to 50 participants at [https://meet.jit.si meet.jit.si].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jitsi Meet|url=https://meet.jit.si/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=meet.jit.si}}</ref>

'''Key features of Jitsi Meet'''
* Encrypted communication ([[secure communication]]): As of April 2020, one-to-one calls use the P2P mode, which is [[End-to-end encryption|end-to-end encrypted]] via [[DTLS-SRTP]] between the two participants.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://jitsi.org/security/|title=Jitsi Meet Security & Privacy|website=Jitsi|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Group calls also use DTLS-SRTP encryption, but rely on the Jitsi Videobridge (JVB) as video router, where packets are decrypted temporarily.<ref name=":0" /> The Jitsi team emphasizes that "they are never stored to any persistent storage and only live in memory while being routed to other participants in the meeting", and that this measure is necessary due to current limitations of the underlying [[WebRTC]] technology.<ref name=":0" />
* No need of new [[Client (computing)|client software]] installation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myshadow.org/resources/jitsi-meet-chrome-and-chromium?locale=en|title=Jitsi Meet {{!}} Me and my Shadow|website=myshadow.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-06|archive-date=September 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923052836/https://myshadow.org/resources/jitsi-meet-chrome-and-chromium?locale=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Skype===
[[Skype]]  is a [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] telecommunications application that specializes in providing [[Videotelephony|video chat]] and voice calls between computers, tablets, mobile devices, the [[Xbox One]] console, and smartwatches over the [[Internet]]. Skype also provides [[Instant messaging client|instant messaging]] services.  Users may transmit [[instant messaging|text]], [[video messaging|video]], audio and images. Skype allows [[videoconferencing|video conference calls]]. <!--- --->

In March 2020, Skype was used by 100 million people on a monthly basis and by 40 million people on a daily basis,<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Teams is coming to consumers – but Skype is here to stay|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/30/microsoft-teams-is-coming-to-consumers-but-skype-is-here-to-stay/|website=TechCrunch|date=March 30, 2020|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-02|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212193142/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/30/microsoft-teams-is-coming-to-consumers-but-skype-is-here-to-stay/|url-status=live}}</ref> which was a 70% increase in the number of daily users from the previous month, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/microsofts-skype-sees-massive-increase-in-usage-as-coronavirus-spreads/ |title=Microsoft's Skype sees massive increase in usage as coronavirus spreads |work=CNET |date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
Registered users of Skype are identified by a unique Skype ID and may be listed in the Skype directory under a Skype username.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Usernames, aliases, and nicknames&nbsp;– your Skype passport
| url=http://www.skype.com/allfeatures/skypename/
| publisher=Skype.com
| access-date=27 August 2009
}}</ref> Skype allows these registered users to communicate through both instant messaging and voice chat. Voice chat allows [[telephone call]]s between pairs of users and conference calling and uses proprietary audio [[codec]]. Skype's text chat client allows group chats, [[emoticon]]s, storing chat history, and editing of previous messages. Offline messages were implemented in a beta build of version 5 but removed after a few weeks without notification. The usual features familiar to instant messaging users—user profiles, online status indicators, and so on—are also included.

The ''Online Number'', a.k.a. SkypeIn, service allows Skype users to receive calls on their computers dialed by conventional phone subscribers to a local Skype phone number; local numbers are available for Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name="skypeincountries">{{cite web
 |url         = http://share.skype.com/sites/en/2007/06/four_new_skypein_countries.html
 |title       = Four new SkypeIn countries
 |author      = Arak, Villu
 |publisher   = Skype Blogs
 |access-date  = 13 August 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070902213919/http://share.skype.com/sites/en/2007/06/four_new_skypein_countries.html
 |archive-date = 2 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.skype.com/allfeatures/onlinenumber/
| title=Skype.com
| publisher=Skype.com
| access-date=10 October 2010
}}</ref> A Skype user can have local numbers in any of these countries, with calls to the number charged at the same rate as calls to fixed lines in the country.

Skype supports conference calls, video chats, and screen sharing between 25 people at a time for free,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.skype.com/2014/04/28/skype-loves-bringing-groups-together-with-free-group-video-calling/|title=Skype Loves Bringing Groups Together – With FREE Group Video Calling|last=Snalune|first=Phillip|date=28 April 2014|work=Skype Blogs|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> which then increased to 50 on 5 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/skype-launches-50-person-video-call-feature/|title=Skype launches 50-person video call feature|last=Brown|first=Shelby|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>

Skype does not provide the ability to call [[Emergency telephone number|emergency numbers]], such as [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112]] in Europe, [[9-1-1|911]] in North America, [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999]] in the UK or 100 in India and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skype.com/allfeatures/no911/ |title=Skype and Emergency Services}}</ref> However, as of December 2012, there is limited support for emergency calls in the United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, and Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skype.com/en/legal/emergency-calling/ |title=Skype Emergency Calling}}</ref> The U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) has ruled that, for the purposes of section 255 of the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996|Telecommunications Act]], Skype is not an "interconnected VoIP provider".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/refresh/teitac8th/tf-report.htm |title=Draft Report from TEITAC Task Force on 255/508 differences, with proposals for TEITAC discussion |access-date=13 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630185419/http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/refresh/teitac8th/tf-report.htm |archive-date=30 June 2010}}</ref> As a result, the U.S. [[National Emergency Number Association]] recommends that all VoIP users have an analog line available as a backup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.911voip.org/faqs.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=911VoIP.org |access-date=31 March 2009}}</ref>

Skype allows users to send [[instant messaging|instant messages]] to other users in their contact list. Messages sent to offline users are stored on Skype servers and will be delivered to their recipients as soon as they come online on Skype. Chat history along with the message status will be synchronized across all user devices supported by Skype whenever the user signs in with the same Skype account.

Although Skype allows sending SMS messages, it is not possible to receive SMS messages on Skype so users need a different way to receive responses to the messages they send using Skype.  This has been a cause of angst among user who purchase Skype as an alternative to a mobile phone because Microsoft will not refund any purchases even for users who discover this missing feature only after purchasing multi-year contracts.  Other than in user complaints on the Microsoft Skype forums, there is no mention on Microsoft or Skype websites that when they say "Send SMS messages," that is just what they mean: users can send but they cannot receive SMS messages.

Skype keeps user instant messaging history on user's local computer, and on Skype's cloud for 30 days.<ref name="Skype">{{cite web | url=https://support.skype.com/en/faq/FA392/where-can-i-find-my-conversation-history-in-skype-for-windows-desktop-and-what-can-i-do-with-it | title=Where can I find my conversation history in Skype for Windows desktop and what can I do with it? | publisher=Skype | access-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref> Users cannot control how long their chat histories are stored on Skype's servers but can configure that option individually for every their device.<ref name="Skype"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.skype.com/en/faq/FA10888/how-do-i-see-my-chat-history-in-skype-for-mac-os-x | title=How do I see my chat history in Skype for Mac OS X? | publisher=Skype | access-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref> Once user signs into Skype on a new device the conversation history is synced with Skype's cloud and stored locally. Skype allows users to remove or edit individual messages during one hour after sending; this affects messages already received by chat interlocutors as well as not delivered to them yet. Skype allows users to delete all saved conversation histories for the device.

===FaceTime===
[[FaceTime]] is a proprietary [[videotelephony]] product developed by [[Apple Inc.]] It is available on supported iOS mobile devices running [[iOS 4]] and later and Mac computers that run {{nowrap|[[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X 10.6.6]]}} and later. FaceTime supports any iOS device with a forward-facing camera and any [[Macintosh|Mac]] computer equipped with a FaceTime Camera. FaceTime Audio, an audio-only version, is available on any [[List of iPhone models|iOS device]] that supports [[iOS 7]] or newer, and any Mac with a forward-facing camera running {{nowrap|[[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.9.2]]}} and later. FaceTime is included for free in iOS and in macOS from {{nowrap|[[Mac OS X Lion]]}} (10.7) onwards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/what-you-need-to-know-about-deleting-apple-apps-on-ios-10/|title=Deleting Apple apps on iOS 10? There's a catch.|newspaper=CNET|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

Apple bought the "FaceTime" name from FaceTime Communications, which changed its name to [[Actiance]] in January 2011.<ref name="FaceTime Communications">{{cite web|url=http://facetime.com/LearnMore.aspx|title=Our name|work=Learn More|publisher=FaceTime Communications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609083307/http://www.facetime.com/LearnMore.aspx|archive-date=June 9, 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=June 7, 2010|quote=Apple has announced that it will use 'FaceTime' as the trademark for its new video calling application. Our agreement with Apple to transfer the FaceTime trademark to them comes as we are rebranding our company to better reflect our capabilities. This is an Apple app that should come with your Apple product. We will be announcing a new name in the coming months.|df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmagazineuk.com/facetime-communications-confirms-its-change-of-name-to-actiance/article/561413/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220331/https://www.scmagazineuk.com/facetime-communications-confirms-its-change-of-name-to-actiance/article/561413/|archive-date=2018-06-22|title=FaceTime Communications confirms its change of name to Actiance|date=2011-01-25|work=SC Media UK|access-date=2018-06-22|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> On June 7, 2010, Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] announced FaceTime in conjunction with the [[iPhone 4]] in a [[stevenote|keynote speech]] at the [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference|2010 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference]]. Support for the fourth generation [[iPod Touch]] (the first model of iPod Touch equipped with cameras) was announced in conjunction with the device's release on September 8, 2010. FaceTime for {{nowrap|Mac OS X}} was announced on October 20, 2010.

In May 2011, it was found that FaceTime would work seamlessly over 3G on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models that supported it. Even though FaceTime worked only over 3G at that time, it now supports 4G LTE calls on networks all over the world, availability being limited to operators' GSM plans.<ref name=":1b">zaone [https://www.idevice.ro/2012/05/18/ios-5-1-1-ne-demonstreaza-ca-apple-va-permite-efectuarea-de-apeluri-facetime-prin-3g/ "iOS 5.1.1 ne demonstreaza ca Apple va permite efectuarea de apeluri FaceTime prin 3G"], "iDevice.ro", May 2011</ref>

In 2018, Apple added group video and audio support to FaceTime which can support up to 32 people in [[iOS 12]] and [[macOS Mojave]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/04/apple-facetime-group-chat-ios-12/|title=Apple's FaceTime offers group chats for up to 32 people|work=Engadget|access-date=2018-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Zoom===
[[Zoom (software)|Zoom]] is a [[videotelephony]] software program developed by [[Zoom Video Communications]]. The free version provides a [[Videotelephony|video chatting]] service that allows up to 100 devices at once, with a 40-minute time restriction for free accounts having meetings of three or more participants. Users have the option to upgrade by [[Subscription business model|subscribing]] to one of its plans, with the highest allowing up to 1,000 people concurrently, with no time restriction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plans and Pricing – Zoom |url=https://zoom.us/pricing |website=zoom.us |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406153554/https://zoom.us/pricing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zoom is compatible with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[ChromeOS]], and [[Linux]]. It is noted for its simple interface and usability, specifically for non-tech people.<ref name="techrep"/><ref name="nytdropbox">{{cite news |last1=Singer |first1=Natasha |title=Zoom's Security Woes Were No Secret to Business Partners Like Dropbox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/technology/zoom-security-dropbox-hackers.html |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=New York Times |date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423065744/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/technology/zoom-security-dropbox-hackers.html |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Features include one-on-one meetings, group video conferences, screen sharing, plugins, browser extensions, and the ability to record meetings and have them automatically transcribed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tillman |first1=Maggie |title=What is Zoom and how does it work? Plus tips and tricks |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151426-what-is-zoom-and-how-does-it-work-plus-tips-and-tricks |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=Pocket-lint |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521074256/https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151426-what-is-zoom-and-how-does-it-work-plus-tips-and-tricks |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On some computers and operating systems, users are able to select a virtual background, which can be downloaded from different sites, to use as a backdrop behind themselves.<ref name="wallst1"/>

Use of the platform is free for video conferences of up to 100 participants at once, with a 40-minute time limit if there are more than two participants. For longer or larger conferences with more features, paid subscriptions are available, costing $15–20 per month. Features geared towards business conferences, such as Zoom Rooms, are available for $50–100 per month.<ref name="techrep">{{cite news |last1=Vigliarolo |first1=Brandon |title=Zoom: A cheat sheet about the video conferencing solution |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/zoom-a-cheat-sheet-about-the-video-conferencing-solution/ |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=TechRepublic |date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423002233/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/zoom-a-cheat-sheet-about-the-video-conferencing-solution/ |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wallst1">{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Nicole |title=Don't Get Bombed: How to Host Zoom Meetings, Hangouts, Houseparty and More |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dont-get-bombed-how-to-host-zoom-meetings-hangouts-houseparty-and-more-11585819821 |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422181133/https://www.wsj.com/articles/dont-get-bombed-how-to-host-zoom-meetings-hangouts-houseparty-and-more-11585819821 |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pricing">{{cite web | url=https://zoom.us/pricing | title=Zoom Meeting Plans for Your Business | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=November 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406153554/https://zoom.us/pricing | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 49 people can be seen on a screen at once.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Microsoft Takes On Zoom and Slack in a Battle for Your Work Computer |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-dominate-technology-at-work-starting-with-those-video-calls-11591108757 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605000828/https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-dominate-technology-at-work-starting-with-those-video-calls-11591108757 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom has several tiers: Basic, Pro, Business, and Enterprise.<ref name="busin">{{cite news |last1=Perino |first1=Marissa |title=How to upgrade your Zoom account from a basic plan to host larger group meetings and more |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-upgrade-zoom-account |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402195937/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-upgrade-zoom-account |archive-date=April 2, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Participants do not have to download the app if they are using [[Google Chrome]] or [[Firefox]]; they can click on a link and join from the browser. Zoom is not compatible with [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] for Macs.<ref name="wallst1"/>

Zoom security features include password-protected meetings, user authentication, waiting rooms, locked meetings, disabling participant screen sharing, randomly generated IDs, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Osborne |first1=Charlie |title=Zoom security: Your meetings will be safe and secure if you do these 10 things |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/make-sure-your-zoom-meetings-are-safe-by-doing-these-10-things/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=ZDNet |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421045111/https://www.zdnet.com/article/make-sure-your-zoom-meetings-are-safe-by-doing-these-10-things/ |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of June 2020, Zoom began offering end-to-end encryption to business and enterprise users, with [[AES 256]] [[Galois/Counter Mode|GCM]] encryption enabled for all users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilbert |first1=Ben |title=Zoom isn't beefing up security for free users so that it's better able to 'work with law enforcement' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-security-update-free-calls-not-encrypted-police-fbi-2020-6 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609200226/https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-security-update-free-calls-not-encrypted-police-fbi-2020-6 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, Zoom added end-to-end encryption for free and paid users. It's available on all platforms, except for the official Zoom web client.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grothaus |first1=Michael |title=How to turn on end-to-end encryption in Zoom (and why you should) |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90568875/how-to-turn-on-end-to-end-encryption-in-zoom-and-why-you-should |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Fast Company |date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Jon |title=Zoom's end-to-end encryption has arrived |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535818/zoom-end-to-end-encryption-e2ee-security-privacy-video-conferencing |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=The Verge |date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205006/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535818/zoom-end-to-end-encryption-e2ee-security-privacy-video-conferencing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zoom also offers a transcription service using [[Otter.ai]] software that allows businesses to store transcriptions of the Zoom meetings online and search them, including separating and labeling different speakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |title=From Your Mouth to Your Screen, Transcribing Takes the Next Step |website=The NY Times |date=2020-06-13 |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of July 2020, Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone also became available as [[hardware as a service]] products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sevilla |first1=Gadjo |title=Zoom Launches Hardware-as-a-Service Products |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=PC Magazine |date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205007/https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom Phone is available for domestic telephone service in 40 countries as of August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Rob |title=Zoom Phone Now Available in 40 Countries |url=https://www.uctoday.com/unified-communications/ucaas/zoom-phone-now-available-in-40-countries/ |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=UC Today |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205020/https://www.uctoday.com/unified-communications/ucaas/zoom-phone-now-available-in-40-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom for Home, a category of products designed for home use, became available in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom Targets Prolonged Remote-Work Era as Coronavirus Drags On |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-pandemic-drags-on-zoom-targets-prolonged-remote-work-era-11594818002 |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205001/https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-pandemic-drags-on-zoom-targets-prolonged-remote-work-era-11594818002 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Google Duo===
[[Google Duo]] is a [[Videotelephony|video chat]] [[mobile app]] developed by [[Google]], available on the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] operating systems. It was announced at [[Google I/O|Google's developer conference]] on May 18, 2016, and began its worldwide release on August 16, 2016. It is also available to use via Google's [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] [[web browser]] on [[desktop computer|desktop]] and [[laptop]] computers.

Google Duo lets users make video calls in [[High-definition video|high definition]]. It is optimized for low-[[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] networks. [[End-to-end encryption]] is enabled by default. Duo is based on phone numbers, allowing users to call someone from their contact list. The app automatically switches between [[Wi-Fi]] and [[cellular network]]s. A "Knock Knock" feature lets users see a live preview of the caller before answering. An update in April 2017 lets users worldwide make audio-only calls.

As of December 1, 2016, Google Duo replaced [[Google Hangouts|Hangouts]] within the [[Google Mobile Services|suite of Google apps]] device manufacturers must install in order to gain access to the [[Google Play|Google Play Store]], with Hangouts instead becoming optional.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Ruddock |title=Google is demoting Hangouts to "optional" in the Google Apps package for Android, to be replaced by Duo |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2016/10/07/google-is-demoting-hangouts-to-optional-in-the-google-apps-package-for-android-to-be-replaced-by-duo/ |website=Android Police |date=October 7, 2016 |access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref>

In August 2020, it was reported that Google was planning to eventually replace Google Duo with [[Google Meet]], but would continue to support Duo and "invest in building new features" in the long term.<ref>{{cite web |first=Abner |last=Lee |title=Sources: Google plans to eventually replace Duo with Meet |url=https://9to5google.com/2020/08/14/sources-google-meet-replaces-duo/ |website=[[9to5Google]] |date=August 14, 2020 |access-date=October 22, 2016}}</ref>

===Google Hangouts===
[[Google Hangouts]] is a [[Cross-platform software|cross-platform]] [[Messaging apps|messaging app]] developed by [[Google]]. Originally a feature of [[Google+]], Hangouts became a stand-alone product in 2013, when Google also began integrating features from Google+ Messenger and [[Google Talk]] into Hangouts. In 2017, Google began developing Hangouts into a product aimed at enterprise communication, splitting into two products: [[Google Meet]] and [[Google Chat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/hangouts/ras-Y5TGI40|title=Re: Hangouts Classic – Google Product Forms|last=Vaid|first=Paritosh|date=December 3, 2018|website=Google Product Forms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203081016/https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/hangouts/ras-Y5TGI40|archive-date=December 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Google has also begun integrating features of [[Google Voice]], its [[Voice over IP|IP telephony]] product, into Hangouts, stating that Hangouts is designed to be "the future" of Voice. Google began transitioning users from the "classic" version of Hangouts to Meet and Chat in June 2020, and announced in October 2020 that Google Chat would eventually be made free to consumers and fully replace Hangouts,<ref name="blog.google">{{cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=The latest on Google Hangouts and the upgrade to Google Chat|url=https://blog.google/products/workspace/latest-google-hangouts-and-upgrade-google-chat/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Google|language=en}}</ref> shortly after [[Google Meet]] became free as well.<ref name="hangouts_future1">{{cite web| url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/29/google-is-making-meet-free-for-everyone/| title=Google is making Meet free for everyone| publisher=[[Techcrunch]]| date=2020-04-29| quote=For consumer Hangouts, which has been on life support for a long time, this move may accelerate its deprecation.| access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name="hangouts_future2">{{cite web| url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/29/google-meet-zoom-free-60-minutes-meetings/| title=Google Meet one-ups Zoom with free 60-minute meetings for consumers| publisher=[[Venturebeat]]| date=2020-04-29| quote=Google Hangouts’ future in question| access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Google Hangouts will remain a consumer-level product for people using standard Google accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/9/21215588/google-chat-hangouts-meet-g-suite-name-change-rebranding|title=Google is rebranding Hangouts Chat as just Google Chat|date=April 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/google-hangouts-officially-rebrands-as-google-chat|title=Google Hangouts officially rebrands as Google Chat|date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bgr.com/2020/04/10/google-hangouts-vs-zoom-google-meet-and-google-chat-apps-for-g-suite/|title=Google's messaging apps just got more confusing: Meet and Chat|date=April 10, 2020}}</ref>

Google Hangouts has a unique feature in that it allows video calls to be streamed live via YouTube.<ref name="14 platforms">[https://www.aventri.com/blog/top-online-meeting-and-event-platforms The Top 14 Online Meeting & Event Platforms], Kaitlyn Tatulli, September 25, 2020.</ref>

===Google Meet===
[[Google Meet]] (formerly known as '''Hangouts Meet''') is a [[Videotelephony|video-communication service]] developed by [[Google]].<ref name="Johnston">{{cite web|url= https://www.blog.google/products/g-suite/meet-the-new-enterprise-focused-hangouts/|title=Meet the new Hangouts|last=Johnston|first=Scott|date=March 9, 2017|website=Google|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314215328/https://www.blog.google/products/g-suite/meet-the-new-enterprise-focused-hangouts/|archive-date=March 14, 2017|access-date=March 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of two [[Application software|app]]s that constitute the replacement for [[Google Hangouts]], the other being [[Google Chat]].<ref name="de Looper, Christian b">{{cite web |url= https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/google-hangouts-shut-down-2020/ |title= Google will begin shutting down the classic Hangouts app in October |last= de Looper |first=Christian |website= DigitalTrends.com |date= January 23, 2019 |access-date= September 5, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190804113856/https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/google-hangouts-shut-down-2020/ |archive-date= August 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

User features of Google Meet include:
* Two-way and multi-way audio and video calls with a resolution up to 720p
* An accompanying chat
* Call encryption between all users<ref name="compare_gsuite_meet">{{cite web|title=Compare G Suite products – Meet|url=https://gsuite.google.com/compare-editions/?feature=meet|access-date=2020-04-29|website=gsuite.google.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Noise cancelling audio filter
* Low-light mode for video
* Ability to join meetings through a web browser or through Android or iOS apps
* Integration with [[Google Calendar]] and [[Google Contacts]] for one-click meeting calls
* Screen-sharing to present documents, [[spreadsheet]]s, [[presentation]]s, or (if using a [[web browser|browser]]) other browser tabs<ref name="compare_gsuite_meet" />
* Ability to call into meetings using a dial-in number in the US
* Hosts being able to deny entry and remove users during a call.<ref name="auto1" />

Google Meet uses proprietary protocols for video, audio and data transcoding. However, Google has partnered with the company Pexip to provide interoperability between Google Meet and [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]]/[[H.323]]-based conferencing equipment and software.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 18, 2018|title=Google Hangouts to Anything Video Conferencing Blog|url=http://www.videocentric.co.uk/now-google-hangouts-video-conferencing/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905174056/http://www.videocentric.co.uk/now-google-hangouts-video-conferencing/|archive-date=September 5, 2019|access-date=September 12, 2019|website=VideoCentric}}</ref>

Features for users who use [[Google Workspace]] accounts include:
* Up to 100 members per call for Google Workspace Starter users, up to 150 for Google Workspace Business users, and up to 250 for Google Workspace Enterprise users<ref name="compare_gsuite_meet" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Compare Meet with classic Hangouts – G Suite Admin Help |url=https://support.google.com/a/answer/7303775?hl=en |website=support.google.com |publisher=Google Inc. |access-date=February 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311123117/https://support.google.com/a/answer/7303775?hl=en |archive-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lardinois|first1=Frederic|title=Google Meet launches improved Zoom-like tiled layout, low-light mode and more|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/22/google-meet-launches-improved-zoom-like-tiled-layout-low-light-mode-and-noise-cancellation/|access-date=5 May 2020|website=TechCrunch|date=April 22, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=Stan|title=Google Meet takes on Zoom by going completely free for everyone|url=https://mashable.com/article/google-meet-goes-free/|website=Mashable|date=April 29, 2020}}</ref>
* Ability to call into meetings with a dial-in number from selected countries<ref name="compare_gsuite_meet" />
* Password-protected dial-in numbers for Google Workspace Enterprise edition users
* Real-time [[closed captioning]] based on [[speech recognition]]
* Background blurring
In March 2020, Google temporarily extended advanced features present in the enterprise edition to anyone using [[G Suite|Google Workspace]] or G Suite for Education<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edu.google.com/products/gsuite-for-education/?modal_active=none |title=G Suite for Education |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020104333/https://edu.google.com/products/gsuite-for-education/?modal_active=none |url-status=dead }}</ref> editions.

In March 2020, Google rolled out Meet to personal (free) Google accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/g-suite/helping-businesses-and-schools-stay-connected-in-response-to-coronavirus/|title=Free video conferencing tools|website=Google Cloud Blog}}</ref>

Free Meet calls can only have a single host and up to 100 participants, compared to the 250-caller limit for Google Workspace users<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |last1=Dave |first1=Paresh |title=Google makes Meet video conferencing free to all users, challenging Zoom |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-google-conferencing/google-makes-meet-video-conferencing-free-to-all-users-challenging-zoom-idUSKBN22B1AX |website=Reuters |date=April 30, 2020 |agency=Reuters |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/29/google-launches-free-version-meet-video-calling-app-bid-topple/|title=Google launches free version of Meet in bid to topple Zoom|first=Hannah|last=Boland|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=April 29, 2020|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> and the 25-participant limit for Hangouts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schroeder |first1=Stan |title=Google Meet takes on Zoom by going completely free for everyone |url=https://mashable.com/article/google-meet-goes-free/ |website=Mashable |date=April 29, 2020 |publisher=Mashable, Inc. |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> Unlike business calls with Meet, consumer calls are not recorded and stored, and Google states that consumer data from Meet will not be used for [[targeted advertising|advertisement targeting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-google-conferencing-idUSKBN22B1AX|title=Google makes Meet video conferencing free to all users, challenging Zoom|newspaper=Reuters|date=April 30, 2020|via=www.reuters.com|last1=Dave|first1=Paresh}}</ref> While call data is reportedly not being used for advertising purposes, based on an analysis of Meet's [[privacy policy]], Google reserves the right to collect data on call duration, who is participating, and participants' [[IP address]]es.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gartenberg |first1=Chaim |title=Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, and WebEx are collecting more customer data than they appear to be |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/1/21244058/google-meet-microsoft-teams-webex-personal-data-collection-privacy-policy-concerns |website=The Verge |date=May 2020 |publisher=VoxMedia |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

Users need a [[Google Account|Google account]] to initiate calls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/29/google-is-making-meet-free-for-everyone/|title=Google is making Meet free for everyone|date=April 29, 2020|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=May 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501162816/https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/04/29/google-is-making-meet-free-for-everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="meet_free">{{cite web|date=2020-04-29|title=Google Meet premium video conferencing—free for everyone|url=https://blog.google/products/meet/bringing-google-meet-to-more-people|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and like Google Workspace users, anyone with a Google account is able to start a Meet call from within Gmail.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |title=Google will add Zoom-like gallery view to Meet and will let Meet users take calls from Gmail |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/16/21223778/google-meet-gallery-view-calls-gmail-javier-soltero |website=The Verge |date=April 16, 2020 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Finnegan |first1=Matthew |title=Google's Meet video app gets Gmail integration |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3538916/googles-meet-video-app-gets-gmail-integration.html |website=Computer World |date=April 20, 2020 |publisher=IDG |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Marco Polo ===
[[Marco Polo (app)]] is a [[video messaging]] and [[video hosting service]] [[mobile app]]. The app was created in 2014 by Joya Communications,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/19/someone-knows-something-about-this-marco-polo-app-that-we-dont/|title=Someone knows something about this Marco Polo app that we don't|access-date=January 11, 2018|date=October 19, 2018|last=Lynley|first=Matthew|work=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> founded by Vlada Bortnik and Michael Bortnik. The app markets itself as a video [[walkie talkie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/marco-polo-app-how-to-use-tips-and-tricks-photos-2017-1/#after-a-quick-setup-entering-your-phone-number-adding-a-picture-of-yourself-etc-the-app-takes-you-to-your-home-screen-here-youll-see-tiles-for-each-of-your-friends-on-the-app-i-had-10-friends-on-the-app-including-two-of-my-sisters-and-was-repeatedly-given-the-option-to-invite-others-to-join-1|title=Here's how to use Marco Polo, the video messaging app that could replace Snapchat one day|access-date=January 11, 2018|date=September 11, 2017|last=Hartmans|first=Avery|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

==Device-specific  platforms==

===iMessage for iPhones===
[[iMessage]] is an [[instant messaging]] service developed by [[Apple Inc.]] and launched in 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms: [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], and [[watchOS]].

Core features of iMessage, available on all supported platforms, include sending [[Text messaging|texts]], images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (read receipts); and [[end-to-end encryption]] (which means no one, including Apple itself, is able to intercept or tamper with sent messages). On all platforms except macOS, the service also allows sending location data and [[Sticker (messaging)|stickers]]. On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions (an example being quick sharing of recently played songs).

Launched on iOS in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title=iOS&nbsp;5 – See new features included in iOS&nbsp;5|url=https://www.apple.com/ios/features.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308031950/https://www.apple.com/ios/features.html|archive-date=March 8, 2012|access-date=October 10, 2011|publisher=Apple}}</ref> iMessage arrived on macOS (then called OS X) in 2012.<ref name="mtnlion">{{cite web|title=OS X Mountain Lion – Inspired by iPad. Made for the Mac.|url=https://www.apple.com/macosx/mountain-lion/features.html#messages|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> In 2020, Apple announced an entirely redesigned version of the macOS [[Messages (Apple)|Messages app]] which adds some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects.

===Google Messages===
[[Google Messages]] is an [[SMS]] and [[instant messaging]] application developed by [[Google]] for its [[Android (operating system)|Android]] mobile operating system. A web interface is also available. Launched in 2014, it has supported [[Rich Communication Services]] (RCS) messaging since 2018, marketed as "Chat" features.<ref name=":0 b"/> By April 2020, the app had more than a billion installs<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Messages passes one billion installs on the Play Store|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/05/01/google-messages-passes-one-billion-installs-on-the-play-store/|date=2020-05-01|website=Android Police|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> which was most likely due to Google's wider roll out of RCS to many different countries without carrier support.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google seems to be rolling out RCS support in Messages to more countries|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/05/14/google-messages-begins-rolling-out-rcs-support-in-italy/|date=2020-05-14|website=Android Police|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-date=May 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520165509/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/05/14/google-messages-begins-rolling-out-rcs-support-in-italy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Palringo===
[[Palringo]], or The World's Online Festival (WOLF), is a community-oriented messaging and gaming app for iOS and Android.<ref name=":0 c">{{Cite news|url = http://www.thejournal.co.uk/business/business-news/dynamo-14-conference-hundreds-turn-7061058|title = Hundreds turn out to celebrate the IT sector at Dynamo 14|last = Gibson|first = Robert|date = 2 May 2014|work = The Journal|access-date = 24 October 2014|archive-date = November 21, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204010/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/business/business-news/dynamo-14-conference-hundreds-turn-7061058|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=":2 a">{{Cite news|url = http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/the-life/connecting-with-a-cause|title = Palringo: connecting with a cause|last = Sahoo|first = Sananda|date = 12 September 2013|work = The National|access-date = 24 October 2014}}</ref> The platform allows users to chat, entertain, and perform on a Stage—live microphone slots for up to 5 people, form and join large groups based on common interests, send instant messages and drop images and voice recordings into conversations. Launched under its original name of Palringo in 2006, the app has 80 million accounts worldwide and offers a range of games along with more than 380,000 groups, some of which have up to 2,500 members.<ref name="Journal020514">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/technology-topics/11109960/Move-over-London-and-Berlin-hello-Newcastle-Gothenburg-and-Ipswich.html |title=Move over London and Berlin, hello Newcastle, Gothenburg and Ipswich |last=Munford |first=Monty |date=21 September 2014 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1c">{{Cite news|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/monty-munford/palringo-takes-games-and-_b_5803394.html|title = Palringo Takes Games and Messaging to the Next Level|last = Munford|first = Monty|date = 12 September 2014|work = HuffPost|access-date = 24 October 2014}}</ref> Headquartered in London, WOLF has offices in Newcastle and London, UK, and Amman, Jordan.<ref name="Journal020514" />

==Groupware==
"Groupware" refers to a number of varied applications that are designed to enable communication amongst members of a team, either within a company, a project, or some other group effort. these applications may incorporate a vast range of features and functions, rather than a single specialized function. Such platforms may include instant messaging, document sharing, visual diagrams, voice conference, and many other team-oriented features.

===Microsoft Yammer===
[[Yammer]] is a [[freemium]] enterprise [[social networking service]] used for private [[enterprise social software|communication within organizations]].  Access to a Yammer network is determined by a user's [[Internet domain]] so that only individuals with approved [[email address]]es may join their respective networks.<ref name="Brad">{{cite web|title=What the Heck Is Yammer?|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/260517/what_is_heck_is_yammer.html|work=PC World|publisher=IDG Consumer & SMB|access-date=June 25, 2013|first=Brad|last=Chacos|date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>

The service began as an internal communication system for the genealogy website [[Geni.com]],<ref name="Inc">{{cite web|title=The Way I Work: David Sacks, Yammer|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201111/the-way-i-work-david-sacks-yammer.html|work=Inc.com|publisher=Mansueto Ventures LLC|access-date=June 25, 2013|first=Liz|last=Welch|date=November 2011}}</ref> and was launched as an independent product in 2008.<ref name="tc-tc50">{{cite web |last=Schonfeld |first=Erick |date=September 8, 2008 |title=Yammer Launches at TC50: Twitter For Companies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/09/08/yammer-launches-at-tc50-twitter-for-companies |work=TechCrunch |location = [[Palo Alto, California]] }}</ref>  [[Microsoft]] later acquired Yammer in 2012 for US$1.2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Microsoft Buys Yammer For $1.2 Billion|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/25/microsoft-buys-yammer-for_n_1625193.html|access-date=June 25, 2013|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=June 25, 2012|first=Michael|last=Lietdke}}</ref> Currently Yammer is included in all enterprise plans of [[Office 365]] and [[Microsoft 365]].

===Adobe Connect===
[[Adobe Connect]] (formerly ''[[Presedia]] Publishing System'', ''[[Macromedia]] Breeze'', and ''Adobe Acrobat Connect Pro'') is a suite of software for remote training, [[web conferencing]], presentation, and desktop sharing. All meeting rooms are organized into 'pods'; with each pod performing a specific role (e.g. chat, whiteboard, note etc.) Adobe Connect was formerly part of the [[Adobe Acrobat]] family and has changed names several times.

===Google Workspace===
[[Google Workspace]],<ref name="cloud.google.com">{{cite web|title=Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location|url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Google Cloud Blog|language=en}}</ref> formerly known as '''G Suite''', is a collection of [[cloud computing]], [[Productivity software|productivity]] and [[Collaborative software|collaboration]] tools, [[software]] and products developed and marketed by [[Google]]. It was first launched in 2006 as '''Google Apps for Your Domain'''{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} and rebranded as G Suite in 2016. Google Workspace consists of [[Gmail]], [[Google Contacts|Contacts]], [[Google Calendar|Calendar]], [[Google Meet|Meet]] and [[Google Chat|Chat]] for communication; [[Google Currents (2019–present)|Currents]] for employee engagement; [[Google Drive|Drive]] for storage; and the [[Google Docs (suite)|Google Docs suite]] for content creation. An Admin Panel is provided for managing users and services.<ref name="G Suite Products">{{cite web |title=Products |url=https://gsuite.google.com/products/ |work=G Suite by Google Cloud |access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Choose a G Suite Plan">{{cite web |title=Choose a Plan |url=https://gsuite.google.com/pricing.html#choose-a-plan |work=G Suite by Google Cloud |access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> Depending on edition Google Workspace may also include the digital [[interactive whiteboard]] [[Jamboard]] and an option to purchase such add-ons as the telephony service [[Google Voice|Voice]]. The education edition adds a learning platform [[Google Classroom]] and as of October 2020 retains the name '''G Suite for Education'''.<ref name="cloud.google.com"/>

While most of these services are individually available at no cost to consumers who use their free Google (Gmail) accounts, Google Workspace adds enterprise features such as custom email addresses at a [[Domain name|domain]] (e.g. @yourcompany.com), an option for unlimited Drive storage, additional administrative tools and advanced settings, as well as 24/7 phone and email support.<ref name="Choose a G Suite Plan"/>

Being based in Google's data centers, data and information are saved directly and then synchronized to other data centers for backup purposes. Unlike the free, consumer-facing services, Google Workspace users do not see advertisements while using the services, and information and data in Google Workspace accounts do not get used for advertisement purposes. Furthermore, Google Workspace administrators can fine-tune security and [[privacy settings]].

====Google Chat====
[[Google Chat]] is a [[communication software]] developed by [[Google]] built for teams that provides direct messages and team chat rooms, similar to competitors [[Slack (software)|Slack]] and [[Microsoft Teams]], along with a group messaging function that allows [[Google Drive]] content sharing. It is one of two [[Application software|app]]s that constitute the replacement for [[Google Hangouts]], the other being [[Google Meet]]. Google planned to begin retiring Google Hangouts in October 2019.<ref name="de Looper, Christian a">{{cite web |url= https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/google-hangouts-shut-down-2020/ |title= Google will begin shutting down the classic Hangouts app in November 2020 |last= de Looper |first= Christian |website= DigitalTrends.com |date= January 23, 2019 |access-date= September 5, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190804113856/https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/google-hangouts-shut-down-2020/ |archive-date= August 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The current version is for [[Google Workspace]], (formerly G Suite until October 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace|title = Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location}}</ref>) customers only, with identical features in all packages except a lack of Vault [[data retention]] in the Basic package.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gsuite.google.com/compare-editions/?feature=chat| title=Compare G Suite products – Chat|website=gsuite.google.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> However, in October 2020, Google announced plans to open Google Chat up to consumers as early as 2021, once [[Google Hangouts|Hangouts]] has been officially retired.<ref name="blog.google"/>

===Slack===
[[Slack (software)|Slack]] offers many [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]]-style features, including persistent chat rooms (channels) organized by topic, private groups, and direct messaging.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Heather A.|date=January 2018|title=Slack|journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association|volume=106|issue=1|pages=148–151|doi=10.5195/jmla.2018.315|issn=1536-5050|pmc=5764588}}</ref> Content, including files, conversations, and people, is all searchable within Slack. Users can add [[emoji]] buttons to their messages, on which other users can then click to express their reactions to messages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slack Adds Emoji Reactions |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/09/slack-adds-emoji-reactions/ |first=Jordan |last=Crook |date=July 9, 2015 |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1d">{{cite web|title=Slack updated their privacy policy: Now your company can read 'private' messages|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/better/business/slack-updates-privacy-policy-employers-can-read-private-dms-without-ncna862811|access-date=2020-06-09|website=NBC News|date=April 5, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Slack's free plan allows only the 10,000 most recent messages to be viewed and searched.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gebhart|first=Gennie|date=2019-07-01|title=Opinion {{!}} What if All Your Slack Chats Were Leaked?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/01/opinion/slack-chat-hackers-encryption.html|access-date=2020-06-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On March 18, 2020, Slack redesigned its platform to simplify and customize the user experience.<ref>{{cite web|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2020-03-18|title=Slack unveils its biggest redesign yet|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/18/21184865/slack-redesign-update-sidebar-changes-available-now-download|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

Slack teams allow communities, groups, or teams to join a "workspace" via a specific URL or invitation sent by a team admin or owner.<ref>{{cite web|last=Witman|first=Emma|title=How to reset your Slack password in 2 different ways|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-reset-slack-password|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Although Slack was developed for professional and organizational communication, it has been adopted as a community platform, replacing message boards or social media groups.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Locke|first=Charley|date=2016-06-09|title=Finally, Slack Is Living Up to Its Name|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/06/slack-social-network/|access-date=2020-06-09|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

Public channels allow team members to communicate without the use of email or group [[SMS]] (texting). Public channels are open to everyone in the workspace.<ref name=":3 b">{{Cite news|last=John|first=Steven|title=How to join a Slack channel on desktop or mobile, whether it's public or private|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-join-a-slack-channel|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Private channels allow for private conversation between smaller sub-groups. These private channels can be used to organize large teams.<ref name=":3 b" /> Direct messages allow users to send private messages to specific users rather than a group of people. Direct messages can include up to nine people. Once started, a direct message group can be converted into a private channel.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Slack integrates with many third-party services and supports community-built integrations, including [[Google Drive]], [[Trello]], [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]], [[Box (company)|Box]], [[Heroku]], [[IBM]] [[Bluemix]], [[Crashlytics]], [[GitHub]], [[Runscope]], [[Zendesk]]<ref name="Gannes">{{cite web |title=Flickr Co-Founder Stewart Butterfield Turns to Workplace Communication Tools With Slack |url=http://allthingsd.com/20130814/flickr-co-founder-stewart-butterfield-turns-to-workplace-communication-tools-with-slack/ |last=Gannes |first=Liz |date=August 14, 2013 |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Augustine">{{cite web |title=A Review of the Slack Communication Service |url=https://www.lifewire.com/slack-sets-standard-team-communication-online-771603 |last=Augustine |first=Ann |date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref> and [[Zapier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zapier.com/apps/integrations |title=Zapier {{!}} The easiest way to automate your work |website=Zapier.com |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref> In December 2015, Slack launched their [[Application software|software application]] ("app") directory, consisting of over 150 integrations that users can install.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slack launches an app store and an $80 million fund to invest in new integrations |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/15/10235114/slack-app-directory-80-million-fund |date=December 15, 2015 |first=Casey |last=Newton |website=TheVerge.com |access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, Slack announced a partnership with financial and human capital management firm [[Workday, Inc.|Workday]]. This integration allows Workday customers to access Workday features directly from the Slack interface.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.itbusiness.ca/news/workday-and-slack-announce-partnership-google-microsoft-and-facebook-on-the-horizon/100574 |title=Workday and Slack announce partnership; Google, Microsoft and Facebook on the horizon |work=IT Business |access-date=October 13, 2018 |first=Alex |last=Coop |date=March 26, 2018 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164002/https://www.itbusiness.ca/news/workday-and-slack-announce-partnership-google-microsoft-and-facebook-on-the-horizon/100574 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hrtechnologist.com/news/workforce-scheduling/industry-leaders-slack-amp-workday-are-now-partners/ |title=Industry Leaders Slack & Workday are Now Partners |access-date=October 13, 2018 |date=May 27, 2018 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164051/https://www.hrtechnologist.com/news/workforce-scheduling/industry-leaders-slack-amp-workday-are-now-partners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Discord===
[[Discord]] is built to create and manage private and public communities. It gives users access to tools focused around communication like voice and video calls, persistent chat rooms and integrations with other gamer-focused services.<ref name="pcmag.com">{{cite web|title=What Is Discord and How Do You Use It?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/what-is-discord-and-how-do-you-use-it|access-date=2020-10-29|website=PCMAG|language=en}}</ref>

Discord communities are organized into discrete collections of channels called servers. A user can create servers for free, manage their public visibility and create one or more channels within that server.<ref name="pcmag.com"/>

Starting October 2017, Discord allows game developers and publishers to verify their servers. Verified servers, like [[Account verification|verified accounts]] on social media sites, have badge to mark them as official communities. Verified servers are moderated by the developer's or publisher's own moderation team. Verification was later extended in February 2018 to include [[esports]] teams and musical artists.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=October 12, 2017|title=Discord launches Verified servers for game developers, publishers|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/10/12/16465718/discord-pubg-server-verified-minecraft|url-status=live|access-date=December 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174837/https://www.polygon.com/2017/10/12/16465718/discord-pubg-server-verified-minecraft|archive-date=December 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Delfino|first=Devon|title=How to get verified on Discord if you qualify for it, to mark your server as official|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-get-verified-on-discord|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Liao|first=Shannon|date=2018-02-23|title=Discord expands its verified servers program to include pro e-sports teams|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/23/17044340/discord-verified-badge-esports-community-guidelines-fake-accounts|access-date=2020-10-28|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

By the end of 2017, about 450 servers were verified.<ref name="glixel 2017">{{cite web|last=Crecente|first=Brian|date=December 7, 2017|title=Discord: 87M Users, Nintendo Switch Wishes and Dealing With Alt-Right|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/news/discord-87m-users-switch-dreams-dealing-with-alt-right-w513598|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070829/http://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/news/discord-87m-users-switch-dreams-dealing-with-alt-right-w513598|archive-date=December 8, 2017|access-date=December 7, 2017|work=[[Glixel]]}}</ref> Approximately 1790 servers are verified as of December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=December 18, 2020|title=List of verified Discord servers|url=https://github.com/vDelite/DiscordLists/blob/master/verified.txt|access-date=|website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref>

Discord users can improve the quality of the servers they reside in via the "Server Boost" feature, which improves quality of audio channels, streaming channels, number of emoji slots and other perks in 3 levels. Users can buy boosts to support the servers they choose, for a monthly amount. Possession of "Discord Nitro", the platform's paid subscription, gives a user two extra boosts to use on any server they like.<ref>{{cite web|title=Server Boosting 💨|url=https://support.discord.com/hc/en-us/articles/360028038352-Server-Boosting-|access-date=October 29, 2019|website=Discord Support|publisher=Discord|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204233754/https://support.discord.com/hc/en-us/articles/360028038352-Server-Boosting-|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Channels may be either used for voice chat and streaming or for [[instant messaging]] and file sharing. The visibility and access to channels can be customized to limit access from certain users, for example marking a channel "NSFW" ([[Not safe for work|Not Safe For Work]]) requires that first-time viewers confirm they are over 18 years old and willing to see such content.

===Kune===
[[Kune (software)|Kune]] is a [[free software|free/open source]] distributed social network focused on collaboration rather than just on communication.<ref name="kune.op.org">{{cite web|title=Kune development site|url=http://kune.ourproject.org|access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> That is, it focuses on online [[Collaborative real-time editor|real-time collaborative editing]], [[Distributed social network|decentralized social networking]] and web publishing, while focusing on workgroups rather than just on individuals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Presentando el proyecto Kune, redes sociales y colaboración libre para grupos|url=http://barrapunto.com/article.pl?sid=11/08/21/2240235|language=es|access-date=28 August 2011|newspaper=Barrapunto (Spanish Slashdot)|date=22 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610155227/http://barrapunto.com/article.pl?sid=11%2F08%2F21%2F2240235|archive-date=10 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Presentando el proyecto Kune, redes sociales y colaboración libre para grupos|url=http://www.meneame.net/story/presentando-proyecto-kune-redes-sociales-colaboracion-libre|language= es|access-date=28 August 2011|newspaper=Menéame (Spanish Digg)|date=23 August 2011}}</ref> It aims to allow for the creation of online spaces for collaborative work where organizations and individuals can build projects online, coordinate common agendas, set up virtual meetings, publish on the web, and join organizations with similar interests. It has a special focus on [[Free culture movement|Free Culture]] and [[social movements]] needs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kune FAQ|url=http://kune.ourproject.org/faq|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title       = Das neue Internet
| first       = Niels
| last        = Boeing
| url         = http://www.zeit.de/zeit-wissen/2012/05/Das-alternative-Netz/komplettansicht
| newspaper   = [[Die Zeit]]
| location    = Germany
| date        = 31 August 2012
| access-date  = 5 September 2012
| language    = de
|trans-title=The new internet
}}</ref> Kune is a project of the [[Comunes Collective]].
* All the functionalities of [[Apache Wave]], that is collaborative federated real-time editing, plus
* Communication
** Chat and chatrooms compatible with Gmail and Jabber through XMPP (with several XEP extensions), as it integrates Emite<ref>{{cite web
 | title = Emite: XMPP & GWT
 | url = http://emite.googlecode.com/
 | access-date = 22 April 2012
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004519/http://emite.googlecode.com/
 | archive-date = 28 August 2008
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
** Social networking (federated)
* Real-time collaboration for groups in:
** Documents: as in [[Google Docs]]
** Wikis
** Lists: as in [[Google Groups]] but minimizing emails, through waves
** Group Tasks
** Group Calendar: as in [[Google Calendar]], with ical export
** Group Blogs
** Web-creation: aiming to publish contents directly on the web (as in [[WordPress]], with a dashboard and public view) (in development)
** Bartering: aiming to decentralize bartering as in [[eBay]]
* Advanced email
** Waves: aims to replace most uses of email
** Inbox: as in email, all your conversations and documents in all kunes are controlled from your inbox
** Email notifications (Projected: replies from email)
* Multimedia & Gadgets
** Image or Video galleries integrated in any doc
** Maps, mindmaps, Twitter streams, etc.
** Polls, voting, events, etc.
** and more via Apache Wave extensions, easy to program (as in [[Facebook apps]], they run on top of Kune)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telecommunication|Technology}}
*[[Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients]]
*[[Comparison of instant messaging protocols]]
*[[Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients]]
*[[Comparison of LAN messengers]]
*[[Comparison of VoIP software]]
*[[List of SIP software]]
*[[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==

===Comparison articles and overviews===
* [https://www.practicalecommerce.com/17-Group-Messaging-Mobile-Apps 15 Group Messaging Mobile Apps], November 5, 2019, by Sig Ueland, practicalecommerce.com.
* [https://snapdesk.app/group-text-app-guide/ The Ultimate Group Text App Guide], Last updated February 17, 2020, snapdesk.app website.

===Wikimedia pages===
* [[meta:WikiProject remote event participation|Wikimedia list of conference platforms]]
{{Scholia|topic}}
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