View source for Atari CX40 joystick

{{short description|Cross-platform game controller made by Atari}}
[[File:Atari-2600-Joystick.jpg|thumb|The Atari CX40 joystick with one button and an 8-directional stick]]

The '''Atari CX40''' [[joystick]] was the first widely used cross-platform [[game controller]]. The original '''CX10''' was released with the [[Atari 2600|Atari Video Computer System]] (later renamed the Atari 2600) in 1977 and became the primary input device for most games on the platform. The CX10 was replaced after a year by the simpler and less expensive CX40. The addition of the [[Atari joystick port]] to other platforms cemented its popularity. It was the standard for the [[Atari 8-bit computers]] and was compatible with the [[VIC-20]], [[Commodore 64]], [[Commodore 128]], [[MSX]], and later the [[Atari ST]] and [[Amiga]]. Third-party adapters allowed it to be used on other systems, such as the [[Apple II]], [[Commodore 16]], [[TI-99/4A]], and the [[ZX Spectrum]]. 

The CX40 was so popular during its run that it became as iconic to [[Atari]] as the company's "Fuji" logo;{{sfn|Goldberg|Vendel|2012|p=323}} it remains a common staple in video game iconography to this day,<ref>{{cite book |first= Mark |last=Wolf |title= Before the Crash: Early Video Game History |publisher=Wayne State University Press |date=2012 |page=67 |isbn=978-0814337226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oK3D4i5ldKgC&pg=PA67}}</ref> and is commonly referred to as ''the'' symbol of 1980s video game system design.<ref>{{cite book |first1=William |last1=Lidwell |first2=Gerry |last2=Manacsa |title= Deconstructing Product Design |publisher=Lockport Publishers |date=2011 |page=97 |isbn=9781592537396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x9J35ZdHmAC&pg=PA98}}</ref> The CX40 has been called "the pinnacle of home entertainment controllers in its day",<ref>{{cite book |first1=Andrew |last1=Rollings |first2=Ernest |last2=Adams |title= Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design |publisher= New Riders |date=2003 |page=167 |isbn=9781592730018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc19ChiOUI4C&pg=PA167}}</ref> and remains a staple  of [[industrial design]] discussions.<ref>{{cite book |first1=William |last1=Lidwell |first2=Gerry |last2=Manacsa |title=Deconstructing Product Design |publisher=Rockport Publishers |date=2011 |page=98 |isbn=9781592537396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x9J35ZdHmAC&pg=PA98}}</ref> The CX40 had several well-known problems and was subject to eventual mechanical breakdown. A number of more robust third-party alternatives were available in a thriving market, but generally at much higher prices.{{sfn|Plotkin|1982}}{{efn|CX40s were widely available for under $10.{{sfn|Plotkin|1982}}<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Modern Photography |title=advertisements |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yjw-AQAAIAAJ |page=141}}</ref>}}

The Atari-style joystick declined in popularity as games relied on multiple buttons for gameplay. Systems from the [[third generation of video game consoles]], such as the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] and [[Master System]] included two action buttons on their controllers (with the NES controller also including two menu buttons). Atari's own [[Atari 7800]] shipped with two-button controllers as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalog - Atari (CO21776-Rev. A) |url=https://atariage.com/catalog_thumbs.php?CatalogID=38 |website=AtariAge }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Atari CX40 exploded view.tif|thumb|An exploded view of the Atari CX40 joystick shows its basic construction. The top lid is not shown in this diagram.]]
[[File:Atari CX40 joystick being moved.tif|thumb|When the stick is moved, one side of the hemisphere (right) moves down to press on the buttons while the opposite side is forced upward (left) to provide a recentering force.]]

The Atari joystick works by connecting the ground pin to one of several pins in the [[Atari joystick port]], thereby dropping the voltage on that pin and creating a signal that can be noticed by a controller in the computer.<ref>{{cite book |first=Soori |last=Sivakumaran |title=Electronic Computer Projects |publisher=COMPUTE! Publications |date=1986 |page=23 |isbn=0-87455-052-1 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Computer_Projects_for_Commodore_and_Atari_Soori_Sivakumaran#page/n37/mode/1up
 |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref> For this reason, Atari-style joysticks are sometimes referred to as "digital joysticks", largely to differentiate them from the analog joysticks found on systems like the [[Apple II]] and [[IBM PC]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games |first=David |last=Ahl |date=Fall 1983 |page=115 |title= Game Controllers And Accessories |url=https://www.atarimagazines.com/cva/v1n2/updatecontrollers.php}}</ref>

The main structure of the CX40 is formed from a concave moulded thermoplastic base with a separate flat lid that covers the opening on the top of the base.  Four cylindrical protrusions on the inside of the base hold a [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) above the bottom, roughly centered vertically.  A conical post on the base passes vertically through a hole in the middle of the PCB.{{sfn|CX40}}

The PCB has five [[membrane switch]]es mounted on top.  Four of the switches are arranged in a cross pattern around the hole in the middle of the PCB; the fifth is offset near one of the corners.  The PCB connects the switches to pins in the 9-pin [[D-connector]] that leads to the console via a cutout in the upper right corner of the base.  The cutout is shaped to grip a moulded [[strain relief]] on the cable.{{sfn|CX40}}

The stick itself is a moulded polypropylene form consisting of a hollow vertical cylinder with a hemispherical dome at one end.  The stick is placed on top of the conical post in the base, and the lid is placed over it. This clamps the stick between the post and the circular cutout in the lid.  When pressure is applied to move the stick, it can rotate on the post by sliding the hemisphere within the circular cutout.{{sfn|CX40}}

The hemisphere has four small "fingers" at the bottom, which are positioned to lie over the switches on the PCB.  Cutouts in the hemisphere make the fingers mechanically separate from the main section of the stick, allowing them to flex so they do not press too hard on the switches.  When the stick is moved, the hemisphere rotates on its support post, bringing the fingers down to press on the appropriate buttons. At the same time, the opposite side of the hemisphere rises, where it comes into contact with short protrusions on the lid. These push down on the flexible section of the hemisphere, providing a centering force that returns the stick to the upright position when pressure is released.{{sfn|CX40}}

The stick is assembled by placing the PCB within the lower case and routing the cable out of the box.  The stick is then placed on top of the post, and a flexible rubbery cover is placed over the stick.  A red plastic button is placed over the fifth switch, providing the fire button; and the top lid is then placed on top of the entire assembly.  Four machine screws inserted from the bottom of the case through the PCB support protrusions hold the lid on, holding everything in place through compression.{{sfn|CX40}}

Although the stick can be pressed in any direction, the four fingers on the hemisphere allow only two switches to be pressed at a time.  This allows a total of eight directions: four for up, down, left. and right, and four more for combinations of neighboring switches: up-left, up-right, down-left, and down-right.  The physical movement on the post prevents non-neighbouring switches from being pressed; one can not press up and down at the same time, for instance.{{sfn|CX40}}

The base and its cover are moulded with some roughness in the plastic.  The portion directly around the stick and the fire button are smooth.  Just around the opening for the stick are a series of rectangular embossings with the four cardinal directions indicated by small wedge shapes.  The 12 o'clock position replaces the wedges with the word "TOP".  These markings are all painted orange, but this tends to wear off over time.{{sfn|CX40}}

==Problems==
Right-handed users would normally hold the stick in their [[handedness|left hand]] by gripping the left side of the case with their thumb over the fire button, and fingers wrapped around the left side and bottom, while their right hand operated the stick. Some games allowed the stick to be rotated for left-handed users, or this could be done with some minor re-wiring.{{sfn|Grand|Yarusso|2004|pp=337–342}}

The ergonomics of the base and the need to hold it while pressing the fire button led to fatigue of the left thumb that became known as "joystick thumb".{{sfn|Plotkin|1988}}  This was especially common in games that required the user to fire repeatedly or hold down the button for long periods, like ''[[Eastern Front (1941)]]''. This led to various "autofire" attachments, available as do-it-yourself plans,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playvectrex.com/vectech/autofire.txt|title=Autofire Circuit}}</ref> pre-assembled, or as parts of 3rd party sticks. These simulated rapid presses of the fire button as long as the button on the stick was held down.{{sfn|Plotkin|1988}}

Small rubbery pads on the bottom allowed for stick placement on a desktop. However, the torque needed to operate the internal switches was more than enough to flip over the lightweight stick. Some 3rd party replacements used a much larger base and/or a shorter vertical stick so the torque was reduced. Generally those with bases large enough for one-handed use tended to be too large to use two-handed. Modifications using [[suction cup]]s, also found on some 3rd party sticks, were generally regarded as more trouble than they were worth.{{sfn|Plotkin|1988}}

The CX40 was infamous for its eventual breakdown from one of two problems. One was that the control ring on the bottom of the stick moulding was not very robust, and either the ring itself or the four small tabs that connected it to the stick could be broken by applying too much force. The ring transmitted the force from the stick to the switches, so if it broke, the stick would no longer operate properly in that direction. This happened with "distressing regularity".{{sfn|Plotkin|1982}} The other problem was that the switches themselves would eventually wear out due to repeated use, normally with the top membrane cracking or the tape holding it in place wearing off.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Replacing the PCB in your Atari CX-10 "Heavy Sixer" joystick |url=http://www.cgquarterly.com/2010/04/01/replacing-the-pcb-in-your-atari-cx-10-heavy-sixer-joystick/ |first=Chris |last=Alaimo |journal=Classic Gaming Quarterly |date=1 April 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Grand|Yarusso|2004|pp=342–349}}

A common modification was to replace the switches with [[miniature snap-action switch]]es (microswitches). Some of these, however, have the problem that their actuation is non-linear; they require considerable force to start moving compared to the force needed to complete the motion. When used in an otherwise unmodified CX40, this caused it to be more difficult to move along the diagonals,{{sfn|Plotkin|1988}} as one of the two switches being pushed would normally reach the threshold first, causing motion in that direction while the other was not yet pressed. In games that required fine control, like ''[[Jumpman (video game)|Jumpman]]'', these solutions were generally unsuitable. Newer switches improve this action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atariage.com/forums/blog/572/entry-12134-a-cx-40-micro-switch-upgrade/ |title=A CX-40 Micro Switch Upgrade |date=2 July 2015 |website=AtariAge}}</ref>

==Versions==

===CX10===
[[File:Atari CX40 Joystick.jpg|thumb|CX10 Joystick ]]
The original CX10 version was designed by Steve Bristow for the 2600{{sfn|CX10}} and produced only for a single year. Many of these{{efn|Perhaps all of them, sources are not specific}} had the word "ATARI" printed in white letters on a thin metal plate at the very top of the stick.{{sfn|Goldberg|Vendel|2012|p=235}}

Internally, the CX10 differed from  the CX40 primarily in the switch mechanisms. In the CX10, a thin plastic plate was placed directly on top of the PCB, separated by a few millimetres. Cup-shaped protrusions on the top surface held a small metal spring, and opposite these on the bottom surface of the plate was a small metal bar. The plate was positioned so the bars on the bottom of the cups were positioned over similar bars on the PCB, although aligned perpendicularly. Slits cut into the plate on either side of the cup made that section of the plate flexible. When the stick was moved, it pressed on the spring, eventually providing enough force to bend that section of the plate down until the two metal bars made contact. The springs provided the recentering force.{{sfn|CX10}} This operation required more physical motion to depress the switches than on the CX40, and the CX10 is generally considered to be less suitable for gaming.{{sfn|Goldberg|Vendel|2012|p=323}}

===CX40===
[[File:Atari XE joystick (colour restored).jpg|thumb|The CX40 for the Atari XE series computer used a matching grey colour instead of the standard black.]]

The CX40 was designed by James Asher{{sfn|CX40}} to replace the CX10, with the aim of greatly improving its ability to be inexpensively mass-produced.{{sfn|Goldberg|Vendel|2012|p=323}} By 1983, one out of every five American homes had one.{{r|ccvag1983spring}} This model accounts for the vast majority of Atari's production run.

The CX40 is nearly identical to the CX10 externally, but lacks the printing on the top of the stick, and replaced the uppermost wedge in the ring of embossing with the word "TOP". By 1986 the market had been so flooded with 3rd party clones (see below) that the CX40 was difficult to obtain, and some dealers could only order it with software.<ref name="bisson198605">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1986-05-anticmagazine/Antic_Vol_5-01_1986-05_Fourth_Anniversary_Issue#page/n15/mode/2up/search/raiders | title=Antic Then & Now | work=Antic | date=May 1986 | access-date=28 January 2015 | author=Bisson, Gigi | pages=16–23}}</ref>

A new CX40 using gray colored plastic for the base was released with the Atari XEGS computer. It also dispensed with the orange paint on the embossing on the base. It was otherwise identical to the earlier CX40, retaining the black plastic cover on the stick and the red fire button.{{sfn|Goldberg|Vendel|2012|p=323}}

===Other joysticks from Atari===
The CX40 remained popular throughout the run of the 2600 and [[Atari 8-bit computers]], but by the end of their run many 3rd party improvements had appeared and Atari introduced new controllers of their own.

Released in the summer of 1983, the CX842 "Remote Control Wireless Joystick" was a rebranded version of the Cynex Game Mate 2. These were essentially CX40's on top of a radio device, so the bases were quite large as a result. A separate receiver box completes the connection to the console.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Atari 2600 Remote Controlled Joystick |url=http://www.atarimuseum.com/videogames/consoles/2600/2600rc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030623100648/http://www.atarimuseum.com/videogames/consoles/2600/2600rc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-06-23 |website=Atari Museum }}</ref>

Atari also advertised the CX43 "Space Age Joystick", the most radical change to the basic concept. This was essentially a very small version of the CX40 mounted on top of a [[trigger (firearms)|trigger]]-style handle with a fire button on the front. The handle was intended to be held in one hand while the other operated the very short stick on top. The CX43 may be a rebranded version of the [[Milton Bradley]] HD2000, which was never released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atari Space Age Joystick |url=http://www.atariage.com/controller_page.html?SystemID=2600&ControllerID=18 |website=AtariAge }}</ref>

The [[Atari 7800]]'s CX-24 Pro-Line joystick was designed to be [[backward compatible]] with the 2600 and its games. The Pro-Line was originally advertised specifically for the 2600 in 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalog - Atari (CO21776-Rev. A) |url=https://atariage.com/catalog_thumbs.php?CatalogID=38 |website=AtariAge }}</ref> but was not released until it was made the pack-in controller for the 7800. Its right fire button was designed to switch between functioning as a discrete button for 7800 games, and as a duplicate of the left fire button (which was functionally identical to the CX-40's lone fire button) for 2600 games. The Atari CX-78 Joypad, available in PAL markets in place of the CX-24, had the same compatibility as the Pro-Line stick.

==3rd party alternatives==
[[File:Commodore vc1311.jpg|thumb|The Commodore VC1311 was introduced after their clone of the CX40 was ordered off the market.]]

The CX40 was the only model in widespread use until about 1981, when the introduction of ''[[Space Invaders]]'' on the 2600 quadrupled that platform's sales.<ref name="Ultimate">{{cite book| title = [[Ultimate History of Video Games]]| first = Steven| last = Kent| authorlink = Steven L. Kent| page = 190| publisher = [[Three Rivers Press]]| isbn = 0-7615-3643-4| year = 2001}}</ref> This led to a thriving 3rd party market for better sticks for use on the 2600.<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 2024|url=https://romchip.org/index.php/romchip-journal/article/view/204|website=ROMchip journal|title=The Joy of Sticks Researching the History of Game Controllers That Used the Atari Standard|quote="...the market was quickly flooded with third-party controllers to replace the ones Atari shipped with their Video Computer System (VCS) game console (later known as the Atari 2600). Some of them were better in terms of quality and ergonomics than the original Atari controllers, while others were not."|first1=Mikko |last1=Heinonen |first2=Niklas |last2=Nylund |volume=6 |issue=2 }}</ref>

Many were almost identical copies of the CX40. Other examples of barely-modified sticks include the Gemini GemStick, which was essentially a CX40 with a somewhat larger base and the fire button replaced by a larger yellow version. The Gemstick 2 added a second button in the upper right. The Suncom Slik-Stik was slightly more modified with the case rounded off and a large red plastic ball at the tip of a shortened stick. The shorter stick made it more suitable for single-handed use. Suncom later introduced the [[TAC-2]], essentially a larger Slik-Stik with buttons on both sides, for left-handed users.{{sfn|Hybner|1986}}
[[File:Atari and Commodore joysticks (2203293750).jpg|thumb|Commodore's CX40 clone (right) next to a CX40 (middle)]]
For the [[VIC-20]], [[Commodore International]] introduced a joystick that was essentially identical to the Atari model with the exception that the top plate on the base was white instead of black. This prompted Atari to sue for patent violations.{{sfn|Goldberg|Vendel|2012|p=597}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Atari wins joystick battle |journal=InfoWorld |date=29 November 1982 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5}}</ref> Commodore responded by introducing the 1311, a modified version that made the case more rectangular, changed the stick from a tapered hexagonal prism to a triangular prism, and replaced the single round fire button with a larger one running across the top of the stick, making it suitable for use in either hand. These changes also rendered it painful to use and it was widely panned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Worst Retro Joystick Ever? |url=http://www.retrothing.com/2011/12/worst-retro-joystick-ever.html|website=Retro Thing |date=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1311 Joystick |website=Commodore Retro Heaven |url=http://retro.lonningdal.net/home.php?page=Hardware&select=1311%20Joystick}}</ref>

[[File:CompetitionPro 2nd Series Inside.jpg|thumb|Happ's Competition Pro used microswitches in place of Atari's membrane switches. The stick (red) presses on the switch actuators (white part on blue components).]]

The Wico Command Control was one of the earliest examples of a stick that differed radically from the Atari pattern in mechanical terms. Wico was a major supplier of [[arcade game]] joysticks and adapted these mechanisms for home use.{{sfn|Plotkin|1988}} These replaced the membrane switches with leaf switches that were much more robust and provided the recentering force internally. A large rounded-corner square block of plastic provided the moving surface similar to the hemisphere in the CX40, but was shaped to provide more obvious directions when pressed, sliding along the edges of the square. The stick, a steel tube covered in a bat-like red plastic moulding, featured a button on top that pressed a shaft running through the center of the stick to another switch below the main assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://atariage.com/forums/blog/572/entry-12118-inside-the-wico-command-control-joystick/ |website= AtariAge.com |title= Inside the WICO Command Control Joystick |date=26 June 2015}}</ref>

The base was greatly enlarged with the specific intent of making it useful in one-handed play, which operated in concert with the stick-top button. A switch on the base selected whether the button on the handle or the base was active. The case also featured moulded indents in the bottom that made it easier to hold in two-hand use. The result was a system that was significantly more robust than the Atari sticks, but also much more complex and expensive. Later versions added a switch for "autofire" that caused the fire button to be repeatedly pressed while held down, and even later the bat-like handle was replaced by a ball like those found on arcade sticks. A flightstick-style handle with finger grooves was also offered. It was consistently rated very highly.{{sfn|Plotkin|1982}}{{sfn|Hybner|1986}}

[[File:Epyx_500XJ.jpg|thumb|The Epyx 500XJ was a radical restyling of the basic CX40 concept. This version, for the NES, has additional buttons.]]

The Epyx 500XJ{{efn|Apparently a re-branded Konix Speedking{{sfn|Hybner|1986}}}} was among a very few designs that broke from the Atari mould completely.  Like the Competition Pro, the 500XJ's mechanism was based around a steel shaft pressing on microswitches and offered a similar feel.  Unlike the Command Control, the 500XJ's shaft pressed directly on the switches, making it harder to press into the diagonals.  More importantly, the base of the unit was completely changed, consisting of a moulded form that was designed to be easily gripped by the left hand with the index finger naturally positioned over a fire button located on the bottom right side of the case.  Both robust and unique, the 500XJ garnered widespread praise and was the only other joystick of the era to achieve widespread popularity to the point of becoming a standard of sorts.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gregg |last=Pearlman |title=500XJ Joystick |journal=Antic |date=January 1987 |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/v5n9/ProductReviews.html}}</ref>{{not in citation|date=December 2020}}

Early [[gamepad]]s were essentially CX40s with the base exposed to the user and the joystick on top removed. [[Sega]]'s [[Master System]] and [[Sega Genesis|Genesis/Mega Drive]] controllers are compatible with the 2600, although the console can only read one fire button on the Sega controllers – the 2 button on Master System controllers, and the B button on Genesis controllers. The [[Sega Control Stick]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://segaretro.org/Control_Stick|title=Control Stick|date=March 13, 2020|website=Sega Retro}}</ref> was the only Sega-made controller actually marketed for its compatibility with Atari and Commodore systems. Due to the unique setup of the 7800's fire buttons, Sega controllers are not compatible with 7800 games that require two fire buttons, although they can be used with 7800 games that only use one fire button.

==Atari joysticks on other platforms==
The Atari joystick was so popular that adaptors for its standard of connector were available for platforms like the [[Apple II]] and [[IBM PC]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Steve | last = Woita | title = Classic Gaming Expo – Steve Woita | year = 2007 | url = http://www.cgexpo.com/bios/swoita.html  | access-date =  2007-03-26}}</ref><ref name="ccvag1983spring">{{Citation | first1 = David H. | last1 = Ahl | author-link = David H. Ahl | first2 = Randi J. | last2 = Rost | author2-link = Randi J. Rost | title = Blisters And Frustration: Joysticks, Paddles, Buttons and Game Port Extenders for Apple, Atari and VIC | journal = Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 106ff | year = 1983 | url = http://www.atarimagazines.com/cva/v1n1/joysticks.php }}</ref> There were even factory modified CX40s, notably the Trisstick from [[Big Five Software]], that placed the converter electronics inside the CX40 case and replaced the cable with one suitable for the [[TRS-80]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigfivesoftware.com/company/company.htm |title=Company |website=Big Five Software }}</ref>

While its single-button configuration makes it unsuitable for general use with Sega's consoles, an Atari joystick can be used in the player two port for certain two-player games with minimal controls, so long as a standard Sega controller is plugged into the player one port. For example, a CX-40 can be used to control [[Tails (Sonic the Hedgehog)|Tails]] in two-player mode in ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog 2]]'', as all three Genesis fire buttons are mapped to the same jump/spin-dash function (and with the [[Master System]] for the 1 and 2 buttons), although player two cannot pause the game due to the absence of a Start button.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite patent
|country       = US
|number        = 4124787
|status        = expired
|title         = Joystick controller mechanism operating one or plural switches sequentially or simultaneously
|pubdate       = 1978-11-07
|gdate         = 1978-11-07
|fdate         = 1977-03-11 
|pridate       = 1977-03-11 
|invent1       = Gerald R. Aamoth 
|invent2       = John K. Hayashi
|assign1       = Atari Inc
|url           = https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/702bc21d87f308383367/US4124787.pdf
|ref=CITEREFCX10
}}
* {{cite patent
|country       = US
|number        = 4349708
|status        = expired
|title         = Joystick control
|pubdate       = 1982-09-14
|gdate         = 1982-09-14
|fdate         = 1979-08-22 
|pridate       = 1979-08-22
|invent1       = James C. Asher  
|assign1       = Atari Inc
|url           = https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/1ae0e2937613724a0e9f/US4349708.pdf
|ref=CITEREFCX40
}}
* {{cite book
|first1=Marty
|last1=Goldberg
|first2=Curt
|last2=Vendel
|title=Atari Inc: Business is Fun
|date=2012
|publisher=Syzygy Press
|isbn=9780985597405
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FwGMtRafrAC
}}
*{{cite book
|first1=Joe |last1=Grand
|first2=Albert |last2=Yarusso
|title=Game Console Hacking
|publisher=Syngress
|date=2004
}}
* {{cite journal
|first=Tomas |last=Hybner
|title=Tovl joystickar testade!
|journal=Datormagazin
|date=October 1986
|url=http://amr.abime.net/review_35186
|page=18
}}
* {{cite book 
|first1=Nick |last1=Montfort |first2=Ian |last2=Bogost 
|title= Stella and Combat: A BIT of Racing the Beam 
|publisher= MIT Press |date=2014 
|page=22 
|isbn=9780262316446 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0zFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22}}
* {{cite journal
|first=Dave |last=Plotkin
|title=Joystick Survey: Alternatives to the Atari controller
|journal=ANTIC
|date=December 1982
|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/v1n5/joysticksurvey.html
}}
* {{cite journal
|first=Dave |last=Plotkin
|title=The Joy of Joysticks
|journal=ANTIC
|date=December 1988
|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/v7n8/joysticks.html
}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130053753/http://www.2600connection.com/faq/controllers/faq_controllers.html |date=November 30, 2016 |title=List of Atari-compatible joysticks }}

{{Atari hardware}}

[[Category:Atari 8-bit computers]]
[[Category:Joysticks]]
[[Category:Atari hardware]]